Image Info

Figure 1.

Diagram showing the mechanisms of action of various neuroprotective agents. MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; NMDAR: NMDA receptor; AMPAR: AMPA receptors; HUK: human urinary kallidinogenase; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; Keap1-Nrf2: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway; ARE: antioxidant response element; Th1: T helper type 1; NO: nitric oxide; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Created with BioRender.com (https://biorender.com/)

Note. Adapted from “Pharmacological brain cytoprotection in acute ischaemic stroke — renewed hope in the reperfusion era,” by Fisher M, Savitz SI. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022;18:193–202 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-021-00605-6). CC BY.

Declarations

Author contributions

GYYC: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft. JSYH: Conceptualization, Investigation, Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. BYQT: Conceptualization, Investigation, Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. SY: Data curation, Writing—original draft. EJ: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. LLLY: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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