LA and PPG cause the cleavage of PARP. (A) The samples treated with LA, 5-FU, and their combination promoted PARP cleavage; (B) the samples treated with PPG and 5-FU as well as their combination promoted PARP cleavage; (C) digitalized cleaved PARP in the samples treated with LA and 5-FU as well as their combination; (D) digitalized cleaved PARP in the samples treated with PPG and 5-FU as well as their combination. LA: 75 μmol/L; 5-FU: 200 μmol/L; PPG: 4 μmol/L; **P < 0.01, compared with the controls; ***P < 0.001, compared with the controls; ##P < 0.01, compared with the samples treated with a single compound
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
The nude mice assays have been approved by the Ethics Committee of Jiangsu Normal University.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The data are available from the corresponding authors (jz_zhao@jsnu.edu.cn).
Funding
The study was supported by grants to Dr. Shao Lee [No. 9212418120, 9212430401]. Dr. Shao Chin Lee contributes to the study design and the report writing.
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209–49. [DOI] [PubMed]
Yang Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ji W, Wang L, Lee SC. Periplogenin activates ROS-ER stress pathway to trigger apoptosis via BIP-eIF2α- CHOP and IRE1α-ASK1-JNK signaling routes.Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2021;21:61–70. [DOI] [PubMed]
Cao B, Bray F, Beltrán-Sánchez H, Ginsburg O, Soneji S, Soerjomataram I. Benchmarking life expectancy and cancer mortality: global comparison with cardiovascular disease 1981-2010.BMJ. 2017;357:j2765. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Cao M, Li H, Sun D, Chen W. Cancer burden of major cancers in China: a need for sustainable actions.Cancer Commun (Lond). 2020;40:205–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Feng RM, Zong YN, Cao SM, Xu RH. Current cancer situation in China: good or bad news from the 2018 global cancer statistics?Cancer Commun (Lond). 2019;39:1–12. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhang K, Yin J, Huang H, Wang L, Guo L, Shi J, et al. Expenditure and financial burden for stomach cancer diagnosis and treatment in China: a multicenter study.Front Public Health. 2020;8:310. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lawrence W Jr, Lopez MJ. Radical surgery for cancer: a historical perspective.Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2005;14:441–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Song Z, Wu Y, Yang J, Yang D, Fang X. Progress in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer.Tumour Biol. 2017;39:1010428317714626. [DOI] [PubMed]
Oun R, Moussa YE, Wheate NJ. Correction: The side effects of platinum-based chemotherapy drugs: a review for chemists.Dalton Trans. 2018;47:7848.Erratum for: Dalton Trans. 2018;47:6645–53. [DOI] [PubMed]
Chernecky C. Temporal differences in coping, mood, and stress with chemotherapy.Cancer Nurs. 1999;22:266–76. [DOI] [PubMed]
Schneider MR, Yarden Y. The EGFR-HER2 module: a stem cell approach to understanding a prime target and driver of solid tumors.Oncogene. 2016;35:2949–60. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chen Z, Li Y, Tan B, Zhao Q, Fan L, Li F, et al. Progress and current status of molecule-targeted therapy and drug resistance in gastric cancer.Drugs Today (Barc). 2020;56:469–82. [DOI] [PubMed]
Cersosimo RJ. Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of cancer, part 1.Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2003;60:1531–48.
Cersosimo RJ. Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of cancer, part 2.Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2003;60:1631–41. [PubMed]
Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, Chung HC, Shen L, Sawaki A, et al.; ToGA Trial Investigators. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial.Lancet. 2010;376:687–97.Erratum in: Lancet. 2010;376:1302. [DOI] [PubMed]
Shen L, Li J, Xu J, Pan H, Dai G, Qin S, et al. Bevacizumab plus capecitabine and cisplatin in Chinese patients with inoperable locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: randomized, double-blind, phase III study (AVATAR study).Gastric Cancer. 2015;18:168–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Blagosklonny MV. Overcoming limitations of natural anticancer drugs by combining with artificial agents.Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2005;26:77–81. [DOI] [PubMed]
Khdair A, Chen D, Patil Y, Ma L, Dou QP, Shekhar MP, et al. Nanoparticle-mediated combination chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy overcomes tumor drug resistance.J Control Release. 2010;141:137–44. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Gottesman MM, Fojo T, Bates SE. Multidrug resistance in cancer: role of ATP-dependent transporters.Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2:48–58. [DOI] [PubMed]
Sarkar FH, Li Y. Using chemopreventive agents to enhance the efficacy of cancer therapy.Cancer Res. 2006;66:3347–50. [DOI] [PubMed]
Fulda S, Debatin KM. Sensitization for anticancer drug-induced apoptosis by the chemopreventive agent resveratrol.Oncogene. 2004;23:6702–11. [DOI] [PubMed]
Chatterjee SJ, Pandey S. Chemo-resistant melanoma sensitized by tamoxifen to low dose curcumin treatment through induction of apoptosis and autophagy.Cancer Biol Ther. 2011;11:216–28. [DOI] [PubMed]
Planchon P, Magnien V, Beaupain R, Mainguene C, Ronco G, Villa P, et al. Differential effects of butyrate derivatives on human breast cancer cells grown as organotypic nodules in vitro and as xenografts in vivo.In Vivo. 1992;6:605–10. [PubMed]
Nishiyama M, Saeki S, Aogi K, Hirabayashi N, Toge T. Relevance of DT-diaphorase activity to mitomycin C (MMC) efficacy on human cancer cells: differences in in vitro and in vivo systems.Int J Cancer. 1993;53:1013–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Berthou L, Staels B, Saldicco I, Berthelot K, Casey J, Fruchart JC, et al. Opposite in vitro and in vivo regulation of hepatic apolipoprotein A-I gene expression by retinoic acid. Absence of effects on apolipoprotein A-II gene expression.Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:1657–64. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zogovic NS, Nikolic NS, Vranjes-Djuric SD, Harhaji LM, Vucicevic LM, Janjetovic KD, et al. Opposite effects of nanocrystalline fullerene (C60) on tumour cell growth in vitro and in vivo and a possible role of immunosupression in the cancer-promoting activity of C60.Biomaterials. 2009;30:6940–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zhao J, Wang Y, Mu C, Xu Y, Sang J. MAGEA1 interacts with FBXW7 and regulates ubiquitin ligase-mediated turnover of NICD1 in breast and ovarian cancer cells.Oncogene. 2017;36:5023–34. [DOI] [PubMed]
Yang Y, Zhang Y, Wang L, Lee S. Levistolide A induces apoptosis via ROS-mediated ER stress pathway in colon cancer cells.Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017;42:929–38. [DOI] [PubMed]
Li Y, Liu YB, Yu SS, Chen XG, Wu XF, Ma SG, et al. Cytotoxic cardenolides from the stems of Periploca forrestii.Steroids. 2012;77:375–81. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ding Y, Niu W, Zhang T, Wang J, Cao J, Chen H, et al. Levistolide A synergistically enhances doxorubicin‑induced apoptosis of k562/dox cells by decreasing MDR1 expression through the ubiquitin pathway.Oncol Rep. 2019;41:1198–208. [DOI] [PubMed]
Chen F, Wang T, Wang J, Wang ZQ, Qian M. Levistolide A overcomes P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in human breast carcinoma cells.Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2008;29:458–64. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ye H, Wei X, Meng C, Wei Y, Liang G, Huang Z, et al. Mechanism of action of periplogenin on nasopharyngeal carcinoma based on network pharmacology and experimental study of vitamin E coupled with periplogenin self-assembled nano-prodrug for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2020;16:1406–15. [DOI] [PubMed]
Guanizo AC, Fernando CD, Garama DJ, Gough DJ. STAT3: a multifaceted oncoprotein.Growth Factors. 2018;36:1–14. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hu Y, Liu F, Jia X, Wang P, Gu T, Liu H, et al. Periplogenin suppresses the growth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo by targeting STAT3.Oncogene. 2021;40:3942–58. [DOI] [PubMed]
Chang CYY, Yang PY, Tsai FJ, Li TM, Chiou JS, Chen CJ, et al. Integrated Chinese herbal medicine therapy improves the survival of patients with ovarian cancer.Integr Cancer Ther. 2019;18:153473541988149. [DOI] [PMC]
Liang Y. The case selection of Chen Rui Chun for cancer patients treatment.Jiangxi J Tradit Chin Med. 2000;31:4.
Li Y, Gao X, Wang X. Wang Xi Xing’s experience in treating tumor with Radix Angelica Fritillaria Sophora pill.Shanxi J of TCM. 2011;27:4–7.
Lu D, Qi M, Xue T, Liu C. Liu Shenlin’s experiences in the medication for advanced gastrointestinal cancer.World J Integr Tradit Western Med. 2017;12:1064–8.
Liu S, Wang J, Jiang L, Qi W, Jia M. Du Huaitang’s clinical experience in treating cervical cancer with radioactive vaginitis.SH J TCM. 2021;55:27–30.
Lin C, Deng Y, Tang J, Lu H. Liang Shen professor of cancer treatment coated critical social theory.J Liaoning Univ of TCM. 2012;14:80–1.
Zhao Z, Cui S. Clinical observation of compound Kushen injection combined with radiotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Tianjin Phar. 2013;25:51–2.
Huang HH, Liu FB, Ruan Z, Zheng J, Su YJ, Wang J. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMPZ) triggers S-phase arrest and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in lung cancer cells.Neoplasma. 2018;65:367–75. [DOI] [PubMed]
Chiu SC, Chiu TL, Huang SY, Chang SF, Chen SP, Pang CY, et al. Potential therapeutic effects of N-butylidenephthalide from Radix Angelica Sinensis (Danggui) in human bladder cancer cells.BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17:523. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Brodniewicz T, Grynkiewicz G. Preclinical drug development.Acta Pol Pharm. 2010;67:578–85. [PubMed]
Rowinsky EK, Donehower RC. The clinical pharmacology of paclitaxel (Taxol).Semin Oncol. 1993;20:16–25. [PubMed]
Kaiser N, Kimpfler A, Massing U, Burger AM, Fiebig HH, Brandl M, et al. 5-fluorouracil in vesicular phospholipid gels for anticancer treatment: entrapment and release properties.Int J Pharm. 2003;256:123–31. [DOI] [PubMed]
Longley DB, Harkin DP, Johnston PG. 5-fluorouracil: mechanisms of action and clinical strategies.Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3:330–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
