Table Info

Table 3.

Mechanisms of action of topical drugs for the therapy of NP for excitatory and inhibitory effects

Mechanism of action of topical agents	Receptor ion channel enzyme	Topical agent utilized in clinical practice	Possible site of action	Reference
Mechanism for excitatory effect of drugs	Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs)	Lidocaine, amitriptyline, doxepin, phenytoin, ambroxol, TV-45070, opioids, NSAIDs, clonidine	Neurons, keratinocytes	[128–132]
	TRPV1	Capsaicin, NSAIDs	Neurons, keratinocytes, immune cells	[133–135]
	VGCC	Gabapentin, lidocaine	Neurons, keratinocytes	[136–138]
	NMDAR	Ketamine, amitriptyline, diclofenac	Neurons, keratinocytes, immune cells	[139–141]
	COX-2	NSAIDs	Neurons, immune cells, Schwann cells	[142–144]
Mechanism for inhibitory effect of drugs	GABAR	Amitriptyline	Neurons, keratinocytes, immune cells	[145–148]
	GABA_AR	Ketamine, phenytoin	Neurons, keratinocytes, immune cells	[149, 150]
	GABA_BR	Baclofen	Neurons, keratinocytes, immune cells	[151–154]
	α₂-AR	Clonidine	Neurons	[155–157]
	OR	Opioids	Neurons, keratinocytes, immune cells	[158–160]
	CR	Cannabinoids	Neurons, keratinocytes, immune cells	[161–163]

α₂-AR: α₂ adreno receptors; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; CR: cannabinoid receptors; GABAR: γ-aminobutyric acid receptors; GABA_AR: γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors; TV-45070: topical sodium channel inhibitor; NMDAR: NMDA receptors; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; OR: opioid receptors; TRPV1: transient receptor potential vanilloid 1

Declarations

Acknowledgments

Our sincere thanks to Paramveer Singh, Shadab Husain and Jamilur Rahman Ansari for editing the language of this manuscript. The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the collaborators and co-workers mentioned in the cited reference. SC, R Kaur, and AG acknowledges K.R. Mangalam University, AW acknowledges Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU). R Kadian gratefully acknowledges the support and cooperation from the Director of Ram Gopal College, Gurugram. MSA gratefully acknowledges the Vice Chancellor and Dean of Pharmacy, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University (SGTU) for their kind cooperation and support.

Author contributions

SC, AW, R Kaur, and AG: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. R Kadian and MSA: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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Bharti C, Alam MS, Javed MN, Saifullah MK, Almalki FA, Manchanda R. Silica based nanomaterial for drug delivery. In: Nimesh S, Gupta N, Chandra R, editors. Nanomaterials: evolution and advancement towards therapeutic drug delivery (Part II). Sharjah: Bentham Science Books; 2021. pp. 57–89. [DOI]