Table Info

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 severity and dysbiosis effect [12]

COVID-19 severity type	Criteria	Dysbiosis effect
Mild	Clinical symptoms minimal, no imaging consistent for pneumonia	Had viral clearance as evidenced by their fecal samples and these patients showed symptomatic recovery
Moderate	Fever, upper respiratory symptoms, and imaging evidence of pneumonia
Severe	(1) Respiratory distress (i.e., RR > 30) (2) SpO₂ less than 93% at rest (3) PaO₂/FiO₂ < 300 mmHg (1 kPa ≈ 7.50 mmHg)	Depletion of beneficial commensals, affecting the breakdown of SCFAs and L-isoleucine biosynthesis, which in turn impaired viral clearance and symptomatic recovery resulting in persistent metabolic dysfunction
Critically ill	(1) Respiratory failure requiring intubation and ventilation (2) Shock (3) Organ failure, requiring ICU monitoring and treatment

Declarations

Author contributions

KVH and DAJ: Methodology, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. AP, MS, AV, ARVS, SMD, and BSY: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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