Table Info

Table 3.

Causal effect estimates of consuming daily meals on schoolchildren nutrition status, adjusted for child age, sex, family income, school shift, survey year, day of the week the questionnaire refers to, METs of PA, quality of dietary and PA reporting

Meals/snacks	Meal consumed	Quality reporting adjustment	Obesity				Overweight including obesity
			OR	Lower	Upper	P-value	OR	Lower	Upper	P-value
			Breakfast*	No	CV	1.00**	-			1.00**	-
EXCL				No		1.00**	-			1.00**	-
Yes	CV	1.01		0.98	1.04	0.470	0.97	0.93	1.00	0.042
Yes	EXCL	1.02		0.98	1.05	0.344	0.97	0.94	1.01	0.165
Mid-morning snack*	No	CV	1.14	-			1.00**	-
	No	EXCL	1.11	-			1.00**	-
	Yes	CV	1.02	1.00	1.04	0.075	1.00	0.98	1.03	0.878
	Yes	EXCL	1.01	0.99	1.03	0.251	1.00	0.98	1.02	0.934
Lunch*	No	CV	1.18	-			1.00**	-
	No	EXCL	1.20	-			1.00**	-
	Yes	CV	0.97	0.91	1.05	0.485	1.04	0.96	1.13	0.342
	Yes	EXCL	0.93	0.86	1.01	0.08	1.02	0.91	1.15	0.706
Afternoon snack*	No	CV	1.14	-			1.00**	-
	No	EXCL	1.11	-			1.00**	-
	Yes	CV	1.02	1.00	1.04	0.057	1.02	0.99	1.05	0.132
	Yes	EXCL	1.01	0.98	1.04	0.604	1.00	0.96	1.04	0.959
Dinner*	No	CV	1.12	-			1.00**	-
	No	EXCL	1.09	-			1.00**	-
	Yes	CV	1.03	0.99	1.06	0.117	1.05	1.01	1.10	0.016
	Yes	EXCL	1.02	0.98	1.07	0.345	1.05	0.99	1.12	0.114
Evening snack*	No	CV	1.15	-			1.00**	-
	No	EXCL	1.12	-			1.00**	-
	Yes	CV	0.99	0.98	1.01	0.454	1.00	0.97	1.03	0.948
	Yes	EXCL	0.99	0.97	1.01	0.577	1.01	0.98	1.05	0.544

N = 26,712 (the total number of samples counted); OR: odds ratios (95% CI limits); Lower: lower OR; Upper: upper OR; *: adjusted for consuming all other meals; **: reference category

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The author thanks Maria Alice Altenburg de Assis for her leading role as the principal investigator during data collection in the nutritional surveys analyzed here, and for useful advice in joint publications using these data.

Author contributions

EK: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable for the present study as it is a secondary data analysis. The original studies followed the guidelines of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki) and were approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Santa Catarina under protocol numbers 108.386 and 1.410.381.

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from parents or legal guardians of the children who took part in the original studies that provided the data for the present study.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The data will not be shared as they belong to a corporate owner whose permission to do so is not available at the moment.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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