Microbial community richness and diversity indices of 16S rRNA sequences for clustering at 97% sequence similarity from 43 different preschool children
The authors thank the participants in this research, their contribution in our study gave the results of this research. Also, we like to thank the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) for access to the publications for free.
Author contributions
SMAJ: Investigation, Writing—original draft. EAAJ: Conceptualization, Investigation. YAAG: Validation, Conceptualization. AAAJ: Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
The Ethics Committee of Institutional Review Board of Ministry of Health approved the study protocols (approval number: A01436) on September 11, 2022.
Consent to participate
The informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants, including parents and/or guardians.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets of parents’ survey for this study can be found in the questionnaire of the health and nutritional condition of children (https://forms.gle/47aFU3wrdAJLzQ4B6). Data of parents’ consent statement is available upon request.
Puri P, Gosemann JH, Nakamura H. Variants of hirschsprung disease. In: Puri P, editor. Pediatric surgery: general principles and newborn surgery. Berlin: Springer; 2020. pp. 1045–58. [DOI]
Nguyen NT, Brethauer SA, Morton JM, Ponce J, Rosenthal RJ, editors. The ASMBS textbook of bariatric surgery. Berlin: Springer; 2020. [DOI]
Chen X, Sun H, Jiang F, Shen Y, Li X, Hu X, et al. Alteration of the gut microbiota associated with childhood obesity by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.PeerJ. 2020;8:e8317. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Farrag NS, Cheskin LJ, Farag MK. A systematic review of childhood obesity in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: health impact and management.Adv Pediatr Res. 2017;4:6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Tappia PS, Defries D. Prevalence, consequences, causes and management of obesity. In: Tappia PS, Ramjiawan B, Dhalla NS, editors. Pathophysiology of obesity-induced health complications. Berlin: Springer; 2020. pp. 3–22. [DOI]
Blüher M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis.Nature Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15:288–98. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kumar S, Kelly AS. Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment.Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92:251–65. [DOI] [PubMed]
Engin A. The definition and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. In: Engin BA, Engin A, editors. Obesity and lipotoxicity. Berlin: Springer; 2017. pp. 1–17. [DOI] [PubMed]
Bristow RE, Chang J, Ziogas A, Campos B, Chavez LR, Anton-Culver H. Impact of National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Centers on ovarian cancer treatment and survival.J Am Coll Surg. 2015;220:940–50. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Thursby E, Juge N. Introduction to the human gut microbiota.Biochem J. 2017;474:1823–36. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang XQ, Zhang AH, Miao JH, Sun H, Yan GL, Wu FF, et al. Gut microbiota as important modulator of metabolism in health and disease.RSC Adv. 2018;8:42380–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Davis CD. The gut microbiome and its role in obesity.Nutr Today. 2016;51:167–74. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jandhyala SM, Talukdar R, Subramanyam C, Vuyyuru H, Sasikala M, Nageshwar Reddy D. Role of the normal gut microbiota.World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:8787–803. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ramírez-Pérez O, Cruz-Ramón V, Chinchilla-López P, Méndez-Sánchez N. The role of the gut microbiota in bile acid metabolism.Ann Hepatol. 2017;16:S21–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hou YP, He QQ, Ouyang HM, Peng HS, Wang Q, Li J, et al. Human gut microbiota associated with obesity in Chinese children and adolescents.Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:7585989. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Borgo F, Verduci E, Riva A, Lassandro C, Riva E, Morace G, et al. Relative abundance in bacterial and fungal gut microbes in obese children: a case control study.Child Obes. 2017;13:78–84. [DOI] [PubMed]
Karlsson CL, Önnerfält J, Xu J, Molin G, Ahrné S, Thorngren‐Jerneck K. The microbiota of the gut in preschool children with normal and excessive body weight.Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20:2257–61. [DOI] [PubMed]
Azaroual SE, Kasmi Y, Aasfar A, El Arroussi H, Zeroual Y, El Kadiri Y, et al. Investigation of bacterial diversity using 16S rRNA sequencing and prediction of its functionalities in Moroccan phosphate mine ecosystem.Sci Rep. 2022;12:3741. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data.Bioinformatics. 2014;30:2114–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wood DE, Lu J, Langmead B. Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2.Genome Biol. 2019;20:257. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools.Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41:D590–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M. Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota: the hygiene hypothesis expanded?Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2277–84. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T, Mende DR, et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome.Nature. 2011;473:174–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Walters WA, Xu Z, Knight R. Meta-analyses of human gut microbes associated with obesity and IBD.FEBS Lett. 2014;588:4223–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Collins KH, Paul HA, Reimer RA, Seerattan RA, Hart DA, Herzog W. Relationship between inflammation, the gut microbiota, and metabolic osteoarthritis development: studies in a rat model.Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2015;23:1989–98. [DOI] [PubMed]
Petriz BA, Castro AP, Almeida JA, Gomes CP, Fernandes GR, Kruger RH, et al. Exercise induction of gut microbiota modifications in obese, non-obese and hypertensive rats.BMC Genomics. 2014;15:511. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Babio N, Becerra‐Tomás N, Nishi SK, López‐González L, Paz‐Graniel I, García‐Gavilán J, et al. Total dairy consumption in relation to overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.Obes Rev. 2022;23:e13400. [DOI] [PubMed]
Modjadji P, Masilela LN, Cele L, Mathibe M, Mphekgwana PM. Evidence of concurrent stunting and obesity among children under 2 years from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds in the era of the integrated nutrition programme in South Africa.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:12501. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rodríguez-Cortés FJ, Morales-Cané I, Rodríguez-Muñoz PM, Cappadona R, De Giorgi A, Manfredini R, et al. Individual circadian preference, eating disorders and obesity in children and adolescents: a dangerous liaison? A systematic review and a meta-analysis.Children (Basel). 2022;9:167. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hinton EC, Lithander FE, Elsworth RL, Hawton K, Narayan K, Szymkowiak S, et al. Evaluating eating behaviour, energy homeostasis, and obesity in childhood-onset craniopharyngioma: a feasibility study.Horm Res Paediatr. 2023;[Epub ahead of print]. [DOI] [PubMed]
Key J, Burnett D, Babu JR, Geetha T. The effects of food environment on obesity in children: a systematic review.Children (Basel). 2023;10:98. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L, Sargent M, et al. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora.Science. 2005;308:1635–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lozupone CA, Stombaugh JI, Gordon JI, Jansson JK, Knight R. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota.Nature. 2012;489:220–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Turnbaugh PJ, Bäckhed F, Fulton L, Gordon JI. Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome.Cell Host Microbe. 2008;3:213–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rahat-Rozenbloom S, Fernandes J, Gloor GB, Wolever TM. Evidence for greater production of colonic short-chain fatty acids in overweight than lean humans.Int J Obes (Lond). 2014;38:1525–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Patrone V, Vajana E, Minuti A, Callegari ML, Federico A, Loguercio C, et al. Postoperative changes in fecal bacterial communities and fermentation products in obese patients undergoing bilio-intestinal bypass.Front Microbiol. 2016;7:200. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ismail NA, Ragab SH, Abd ElBaky A, Shoeib AR, Alhosary Y, Fekry D. Frequency of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in gut microbiota in obese and normal weight Egyptian children and adults.Arch Med Sci. 2011;7:501–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Murphy EF, Cotter PD, Healy S, Marques TM, O’sullivan O, Fouhy F, et al. Composition and energy harvesting capacity of the gut microbiota: relationship to diet, obesity and time in mouse models.Gut. 2010;59:1635–42. [DOI] [PubMed]
Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest.Nature. 2006;444:1027–31. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zuo HJ, Xie ZM, Zhang WW, Li YR, Wang W, Ding XB, et al. Gut bacteria alteration in obese people and its relationship with gene polymorphism.World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17:1076–81. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Gao R, Zhu C, Li H, Yin M, Pan C, Huang L, et al. Dysbiosis signatures of gut microbiota along the sequence from healthy, young patients to those with overweight and obesity.Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018;26:351–61. [DOI] [PubMed]
Fyderek K, Strus M, Kowalska-Duplaga K, Gosiewski T, Wędrychowicz A, Jedynak-Wąsowicz U, et al. Mucosal bacterial microflora and mucus layer thickness in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease.World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:5287–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Reyna ME, Petersen C, Dai DL, Dai R, Becker AB, Azad MB, et al. Longitudinal body mass index trajectories at preschool age: children with rapid growth have differential composition of the gut microbiota in the first year of life.Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46:1351–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Alcazar M, Escribano J, Ferré N, Closa-Monasterolo R, Selma-Royo M, Feliu A, et al. Gut microbiota is associated with metabolic health in children with obesity.Clin Nutr. 2022;41:1680–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Xiong J, Hu H, Xu C, Yin J, Liu M, Zhang L, et al. Development of gut microbiota along with its metabolites of preschool children.BMC Pediatr. 2022;22:25. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Calcaterra V, Cena H, Magenes VC, Vincenti A, Comola G, Beretta A, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages and metabolic risk in children and adolescents with obesity: a narrative review.Nutrients. 2023;15:702. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]