Table Info

Table 3.

Potential vaccine improvement strategies and expectations

Strategy	Approach	Expectations
Vector engineering	Mutations	Less cytotoxic vectors, prolonged transgene expression Tumor targeting Targeting APCs for improved immunogenicity
Antigens	taRNA	Use of minimal vectors, easier handling, and readiness
	Oncolytic viruses	Tumor targeting and killing
	Pseudoviruses	Introduction of tumor targeting epitopes Introduction of immunogenic epitopes
	Protein and epitope optimization	Improved immune responses Combination of epitopes for a larger spectrum of immunogenicity
	Epitope selection	Identification of tumor-specific epitopes on cancer cells More potent personalized immune responses
RNA delivery	Stabilization	Improved resistant to degradation, longer RNA half-life
RNA delivery	Encapsulation	Improved stability, delivery, prolonged circulation in vivo
Combination therapy	Prime-boost	Prime-boost vaccinations with Ad and other viral vectors
Combination therapy	ICB, other drugs	Superior to self-replicating vector alone
Process optimization	Vaccine dose	Optimization of applied dose
Process optimization	Route	Evaluation of administration route

APCs: antibody-producing cells; taRNA: trans-amplifying RNA

Declarations

Author contributions

KL is the sole author of the manuscript and contributed to: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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