Table Info

Table 2.

Summary of biochemical tests for AF in patients with NAFLD

Parameters Measures	Non-invasive test	AUROC	Cutoff	Diagnostic accuracy (%)	Study population, reference
AST, PLT	APRI score	0.76	> 1	Se 66-Sp91, NPV 87	245 NAFLD, [85]
		0.77	< 1 > 1.5	Se 50-Sp 84 Se 18.3-Sp 96.1	6, 877 NAFLD, [77]
		0.86	0.42	Se 84-Sp 75, NPV 96	213 T2DM, [46]
Age, AST, ALT, PLT	FIB-4 index	0.8	< 1.3 > 2.67	Se 74-Sp 71 Se 33-Sp 98	541 NAFLD, [74]
		0.84	> 2.67 > 3.25	Se 26.6-Sp 96.5 Se 31.8-Sp 96	8, 635 NAFLD, [77]
		0.72	> 2	Se 77-Sp 70	61 ≥ 65 years NAFLD, [81] (reduced false positive in age > 65 years)
		0.84	< 1	Se 100-Sp 94.3 (F0 vs. F1-4)	108 + 239 NAFLD, [83] (excluding any fibrosis)
		0.78	1.6	Se 68-Sp 75, NPV 93	213 T2DM, [46]
AGE, BMI, albumin, AST/ALT ratio, hyperglycemia, PLT	NFS	0.84	> 0.67 < −1.45	PPV 90 NPV 93	733 NAFLD, [75]
		0.84	< −1.45	Se 72-Sp 70	9, 392 NAFLD, [77]
		0.81	< −1.45	Se 93-Sp 20	61 ≥ 65 years NAFLD, [81] (reduced false positive in > 65 years)
		0.64	< −1.45 –0.053	Se 91-Sp 40 Se 68-Sp 55, NPV 90	69 T2DM, [46]
BMI, T2DM, AST/ALT ratio	BARD score	0.81	2–4	NPV 96	827 NAFLD, [76]
BMI, T2DM, AST/ALT ratio	BARD score	0.76	< 2	Se 76-Sp 61	7, 791 NAFLD, [77]
Age, weight, glucose, AST, ALT, ferritin, PLT	FibroMeter	0.94	> 0.71	Se 79-Sp 96, NPV 92	235 NAFLD, [85]
Age, weight, glucose, AST, ALT, ferritin, PLT	FibroMeter	0.81		Se 88-Sp 93, NPV 92.7	938 NAFLD, [86]
Age, weight, glucose, AST, ALT, ferritin, PLT, VCTE	Fibrometer VCTE	0.86	0.32–0.69	Se 85-Sp 92, NPV 90.7	938 NAFLD, [86]
GGT, bilirubin, haptoglobin, ApoA1, alfa2 macroglobulin	FibroTest®	0.81	< 0.3	NPV 90	170 NAFLD + 954 cp, [47]
		0.84	> 0.7	PPV 73	267 NAFLD, 429 ALD, 724 mixed, [87]
		0.85	< 0.27		494 obese, [49]
		0.7	0.35	Se 64-Sp 74, NPV 92	130 T2DM, [46]
Age, sex, bilirubin, GGT, alfa2-macroglobulin, HA	Hepascore	0.81	> 0.37	Se 75-Sp 84, NPV 92	242 NAFLD, [90]
HA, PIIINP, TIMP-1	ELF test	0.9	> 0.35	Se 80-Sp 90, NPV 94	196 NAFLD, [92]
HA, PIIINP, TIMP-1	ELF test	0.83	< 10.18	Sp 90	11 studies (4, 452 NAFLD), [93]
Age, T2DM, PLT, Pro-C3	ADAPT	0.87	> 6.32	PPV 48.4-NPV 96.6	150 + 281 NAFLD, [94]
Age, BMI, PLT, T2DM	ABC3D	0.88	> 3	Se 77-Sp 82, NPV 84	151 discovery cohort NAFLD, [ 95]
Age, BMI, PLT, T2DM	ABC3D	0.81		Se 66-Sp 75, NPV 80	298 validation cohort NAFLD, [95]
TIMP-1, HA, alfa2 macroglobulin		0.85	17	Se 79-Sp 75, NPV 92	396 NAFLD, [96]
Type IV collagen S		0.82	> 177	Se 77-Sp 84, NPV 84	148 NAFLD, [97]
Type IV collagen S, AST	CA index	0.84–0.91			94 + 62 NAFLD, [98]
Mac-2bp, Type IV collagen S		0.83	> 0.83 > 5.2	Se 91-Sp 61, NPV 87	165 NAFLD, [100]
10 urinary steroid metabolites	GMLVQ analysis	0.99–1			275 NAFLD, [147]
SNP IFNL 4, HOMA-IR, GGT, AST, ALT, PLT	FibroGENE DT	0.8		NPV 96	488 NAFLD, [158]
GUT microbiome model		0.936			86 NAFLD, [159]
Inc RNAs + FIB-4 or TE		0.89			88 + 50 NAFLD, [166]

GMLVQ: generalized matrix learning vectors quantization; IncRNAs: including long non-coding RNAs; SNP IFNL 4: single nucleotide polymorphism interferon lamba 4; VCTE: vibration controlled transient elastography

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Giulio Mirabella for his contribution in the graphic support of the production of the figures in this paper.

Author contributions

VR, MM, AA and MP contributed conception and design of the study, VR and MM retrieved and selected the bibliographic references, VR and MM wrote the first draft of the manuscript, AA and MP revised it and wrote specific sessions. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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