Table Info

Table 2.

Essential growth factors for 3D bioprinting pancreatic islets

Sl. No.	Growth factors	Functions	References
1.	Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)	IGF-I plays a major role in cell replication, differentiation, and survival. IGF-II helps in the proliferation and survival of β-cells.	[178–180]
2.	VEGF	VEGF-A helps in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in post-natal life. It helps in the formation of a dense network of blood vessels around the islets.	[181, 182]
3.	FGF	bFGF, FGF, and FGF7 help in differentiation of hESCs or hiPSCs into definitive endodermal cells. FGF7 and FGF10 help in the transformation of endodermal cells into multipotent pancreatic progenitors. FGF7 further aids in transformation into endocrine progenitors.	[183]
4.	EGF	EGF is responsible for the transformation of endodermal cells into multipotent pancreatic progenitors and further into endocrine progenitors.	[184, 185]
5.	Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)	KGF aids in the differentiation of hESCs or hiPSCs into endodermal cells followed by subsequent transformation into multipotent pancreatic progenitor.	[185–187]
6.	Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)	HGF helps to stimulate hematopoiesis from progenitor cells. HGF functions as an insulinotropic factor and promotes the regeneration and proliferation of β-cells.	[188, 189]
7.	Transforming growth factor (TGF)	TGF-β helps in the differentiation of hESCs or hiPSCs into endodermal cells as well as aids in β-cell proliferation.	[185]

Sl. No.: serial number; bFGF: basic FGF; hESC: human epithelial stem cells

Declarations

Author contributions

AG and AS : Writing—original draft, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing—review & editing. AM: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing—review & editing, Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the submitted version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Data from the present manuscript is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request abhikmallick1988@gmail.com.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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