Table Info

Table 3.

Activators, inhibitors, and respective phosphatases for protein kinases

Kinases	Activators	Inhibitors	Phosphatases
PKA	Norepinephrine, epinephrine, isoproterenol, vasopressin, cAMP [2, 3, 16]	Compound H89, compound KT572-2A, protein kinase inhibitor peptide [2, 3, 16]	Protein phosphatase-2A [2, 3, 16]
PKC	Norepinephrine, AngII, 5-hydroxytryptamine, endothelin, DAG [2, 3, 7]	Breviscapine, chelerythrine, ruboxistaurin, compound Gö 6983 [2, 3, 45]	Protein phosphatase-1 (PHLPP) [7, 45]
PI3Ks	Catecholamines, PPARα, G-ERβ [3, 7]	Wortmannin [3, 7]	PIP3-PTEN [3, 7, 46]
MAPKs	TNF-α, IL-1 (for p38 MAPK), growth factors, PMA (for ERK1/2) [2, 3, 5]	Compound 5820580, compound 58202190, compound FR167653 (for p38 MAPK) [2, 3, 5]	MKP-1 [2, 3, 5]
CaMKII	Ca²⁺-calmodulin [31, 32, 47]	Compound KN93 [31, 32, 47]	Calcineurin [31, 32, 47]

PHLPP: PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 1; DAG: diacylglycerol; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2; MKP-1: MAPK phosphatase-1

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The infrastructure support for this project was provided by the St. Boniface Hospital Research Foundation, Winnipeg, Canada. Thanks are also due to Ms. Khushman Kaur for preparing this manuscript.

Author contributions

JP: Investigation, Writing—original & draft. AKS: Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing—review & editing. NSD: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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