Table Info

Table 1.

Recent developments in 3D printing of BMMs for biomedical applications

3D printing technique	Materials and printed BMMs	Reference(s)
Tissue engineering
FDM	PLA–scaffolds	[19]
DIW	Alg/Gel–scaffolds	[22]
DIW	Alg/SF protein–scaffolds	[23]
Extrusion	Alg/NC, hyaluronic acid–scaffolds	[24]
FDM	PCL–scaffolds	[32]
BJ	45S5 BG/TCP–scaffolds	[34]
SLS	45S5 BG–scaffolds	[35]
DIW	45S5 BG–scaffolds	[36]
	BGs/PVA–scaffolds	[37]
	Cu-doped BG-based composite scaffolds	[38]
FDM	BG/PCL–scaffolds	[39]
	BG/PLA–scaffolds	[40]
	45S5 BG/PHBV–resorbable scaffolds	[41]
	Ag-doped BG-based ceramic scaffolds	[42]
DIW	SF/Gel/BG–bone constructs	[43]
FDM	PCL/nano-HA–composite scaffolds	[138]
Drug delivery
BJ	CaP/silica-based nanocomposite implant	[139]
BJ	CaP/TCP/HA/dextrin-based scaffolds	[140]
PBF	CaP/PHBV-based nanocomposite scaffolds	[141]
PAM	Levetiracetam/PVP-vinyl acetate copolymer (PVAc)–tablets	[142]
PAM	Ethylcellulose/HPMC/PVP/cellulose acetate–controlled release shell	[64]
FDM	Haloperidol/Kollidon^® VA64/Kollicoat^® IR/Affinsiol^™ 15 cP/HPMC acetate succinate (HPMCAS)–tablet	[143]
	Clotrimazole/TPUs–intravaginal ring	[144]
	Isoniazid (INZ)/rifampicin (RFC)/hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC)/hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMC-AS)–bilayer tablet	[145]
Semi-solid extrusion	Levetiracetam/HPC–tablets	[146]
	Tacrolimus/Gelucire 44/14/Gelucire 48/16–suppositories	[147]
	Lamotrigine/Gel/HPMC–drug formulations	[148]
SLS	Lopinavir/Kollicoat^®/Candurin^® NXT Ruby Red–printlets	[149]
SLS	Clindamycin palmitate/microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)/lactose monohydrate (LMH)–tablets	[150]
SLA	Lidocaine hydrochloride/Elastic Resin–bladder devices	[151]
SLA	Hydrochlorothiazide/amlodipine/atenolol/irbesartan with PEGDA/diphenyl(2, 4, 6-trimethyl-benzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO)–antihypertensive polyprintlet	[152]
Direct powder extrusion (DPE)	Tramadol/HPC/polyethylene oxide (PEO)–opioid medicines	[153]
Direct powder extrusion (DPE)	Itraconazole/HPC–UL, SSL, SL, and L (different HPC grades/compositions)–drug products	[154]
FDM	PLA/PVA-based mouthguard	[62]
Surgical and diagnostic tools
SLS	Virgin and recycled Dura-Form EX plastic powder–surgical tool kit	[67]
FDM	PLA-based Army-Navy surgical retractor	[68]
	PLA-based microchannel system	[75]
	Graphene/PLA–ring- and disc-shaped electrodes	[76]
	Graphene-based enzymatic biosensor	[77]
	Graphene/PLA–electrode	[79]
DIW-AJP	Ag–microelectrode arrays	[82]
SLA	PEGDA–biomicrofluidic devices	[83]
SLS	Cu nanoparticles/polyethylene-naphthalate (PEN)–flexible touch panel	[86]
FDM	PLA/PAM/HPMC–hydrogel wound dressings	[69]
FDM	Thermoplastic–frame for magnetic focus lateral flow sensor detecting cervical cancer biomarkers	[78]
Implants and prosthetics
DED	Si₃N₄/Al₂O₃/HA/Ti6Al4V–composites	[92]
DIW	Ti/Pluronic F-127–scaffolds	[97]
SLM	Ti-6Al-4V-based implants	[98]
SLA	Composites-based dental crowns	[155]
SLA	Antimicrobial HA-based dental bite	[156]
DLP	Polymer-based dental crowns and bridges	[157]
DLP	Zirconia-based dental ceramic prostheses	[158]
MJ	Biocompatible photopolymer-based interim dental crowns	[159]
FDM	PEKK-based bone analogs	[117]
FDM	PMMA/PEEK–cranial implant	[118]
	PMMA–medical implants	[120]
	PLA–interference screw	[125]
DMLS	Ti-6Al-4V–porous channel dental implant	[133]
FDM	ABS–human skull; PEEK–porous implant	[136]
FDM	PLA/GS–interference fixation screws	[137]

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the financial support provided for this work by the Research Council, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.

Author contributions

GAA: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SSA and RSD: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. AW: Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This work received support from the University Research Grant [ASP/01/RE/TEC/2022/74] provided by the Research Council, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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