Criteria used for echocardiography parameters taking Z score as the reference values for paediatric population
| Echocardiography measures | Criteria | |
|---|---|---|
| RA size | Measured at the end of ventricular systole Tracing of the RA is performed from the plane of tricuspid annulus along the interatrial septum, superior, and anterolateral walls of the RA RA major dimension is represented by tricuspid annulus to the superior right atrial wall and RA minor axis is from anterolateral wall to the interatrial septum | |
| RV size | Measured in end-diastole in apical 4 chamber view RV major axis is taken from diameter above tricuspid valve annulus and distance from tricuspid valve annulus to apex RV minor axis is taken in the mid cavity | |
| LA size | Measured at end-systole when the LA chamber is at its greatest dimension (prior to mitral valve opening) Dedicated acquisition of LA from the apical approach should be obtained to maximize LA length and alignment of the true long axis of the LA for area and volume measures For LA tracings: The atrioventricular interface should be represented by the mitral annulus plane 2D measure is preferred over M mode that is perpendicular to the long axis of the LA posterior wall It is measured at the level of the aortic sinuses | |
| LV size | LV internal dimension (diastole) | It is taken from inner edge to inner edge, perpendicular to the long axis of the LV, at or immediately below the level of the mitral valve leaflet tips It is performed at end-diastole (defined as the first frame after mitral valve closure or the frame with the largest LV dimensions/volume) |
| LV internal dimension (systole) | It is taken from inner edge to inner edge, perpendicular to the long axis of the LV, at or immediately below the level of the mitral valve leaflet tips It is performed at end-systole (defined as either the frame after aortic valve closure or the smallest LV dimension/volume) | |
| Aorta | Aortic annulus | Measurements of the aortic annulus should be made in the zoom mode using standard electronic calipers in mid-systole when the annulus is slightly larger and rounder than in diastole Measurement should be performed between the hinge points of the aortic valve leaflets (usually between the hinge point of the right coronary cusp and the edge of the sinus at the side of the commissures between the left coronary cusp and the non-coronary cusp) from inner edge to inner edge |
| Aortic root diameter | It is taken in parasternal long axis, high left parasternal, or high right parasternal in systole. It gives measurement of proximal aorta size | |
| Aortic sino-tubular junction diameter | It is taken in parasternal long axis, high left parasternal, or high right parasternal in systole | |
| Ascending aorta diameter | It is taken in parasternal long axis, high left parasternal, or high right parasternal at level of right pulmonary artery in systole | |
| Descending aorta diameter | It is taken in subxiphoid short axis at level of diaphragm | |
| Main pulmonary artery | Measured in parasternal short axis view in systole | |
| Right pulmonary artery | Measured in parasternal, high left parasternal, or suprasternal short axis in systole | |
| Left pulmonary artery | Measured in parasternal, high left parasternal, or suprasternal short axis in systole | |
LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle
