Table Info

Samples	Position A	Position B	Position C	Position D
Sample 1	Mallet	Drill	Mallet	Drill
Sample 2	Drill	Mallet	Drill	Mallet
Sample 3	Mallet	Drill	Mallet	Drill
Sample 4	Drill	Mallet	Drill	Mallet
Sample 5	Mallet	Drill	Mallet	Drill
Sample 6	Drill	Mallet	Drill	Mallet
Sample 7	Mallet	Drill	Mallet	Drill
Sample 8	Drill	Mallet	Drill	Mallet

Declarations

Author contributions

DB: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Supervision, Project administration. JM: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Visualization, Supervision. EL: Resources, Data curation. CB: Investigation, Visualization. ATL: Data curation. GS: Writing—review & editing. JC: Methodology, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The data for this study can be found by asking the corresponding author.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Preti G, Martinasso G, Peirone B, Navone R, Manzella C, Muzio G, et al. Cytokines and growth factors involved in the osseointegration of oral titanium implants positioned using piezoelectric bone surgery versus a drill technique: a pilot study in minipigs. J Periodontol. 2007;78:716–22. [DOI] [PubMed]

Shadid RM, Sadaqah NR, Othman SA. Does the Implant Surgical Technique Affect the Primary and/or Secondary Stability of Dental Implants? A Systematic Review. Int J Dent. 2014;2014:204838. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Bassi F, Cicciù M, Di Lenarda R, Galindo Moreno P, Galli F, Herford AS, et al. Piezoelectric bone surgery compared with conventional rotary instruments in oral surgery and implantology: Summary and consensus statements of the International Piezoelectric Surgery Academy Consensus Conference 2019. Int J Oral Implantol (Berl). 2020;13:235–9. [PubMed]

Gürkan A, Tekdal GP, Bostancı N, Belibasakis GN. Cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor levels in peri-implant sulcus during wound healing and osseointegration after piezosurgical versus conventional implant site preparation: Randomized, controlled, split-mouth trial. J Periodontol. 2019;90:616–26. [DOI] [PubMed]

Al-Moraissi EA, Elmansi YA, Al-Sharaee YA, Alrmali AE, Alkhutari AS. Does the piezoelectric surgical technique produce fewer postoperative sequelae after lower third molar surgery than conventional rotary instruments? A systematic review and meta analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;45:383–91. [DOI] [PubMed]

Vercellotti T. Piezoelectric surgery in implantology: a case report--a new piezoelectric ridge expansion technique. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2000;20:358–65. [PubMed]

Schierano G, Vercellotti T, Modica F, Corrias G, Russo C, Cavagnetto D, et al. A 4-Year Retrospective Radiographic Study of Marginal Bone Loss of 156 Titanium Implants Placed with Ultrasonic Site Preparation. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2019;39:115–21. [DOI] [PubMed]

Stacchi C, Troiano G, Montaruli G, Mozzati M, Lamazza L, Antonelli A, et al. Changes in implant stability using different site preparation techniques: Osseodensification drills versus piezoelectric surgery. A multi-center prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2023;25:133–40. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Crespi R, Capparè P, Gherlone E. Sinus floor elevation by osteotome: hand mallet versus electric mallet. A prospective clinical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2012;27:1144–50. [PubMed]

10.

Crespi R, Capparè P, Gherlone EF. Electrical mallet in implants placed in fresh extraction sockets with simultaneous osteotome sinus floor elevation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2013;28:869–74. [DOI] [PubMed]

11.

Crespi R, Capparè P, Gherlone E. Electrical mallet provides essential advantages in maxillary bone condensing. A prospective clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2013;15:874–82. [DOI] [PubMed]

12.

Schierano G, Baldi D, Peirone B, Mauthe von Degerfeld M, Navone R, Bragoni A, et al. Biomolecular, Histological, Clinical, and Radiological Analyses of Dental Implant Bone Sites Prepared Using Magnetic Mallet Technology: A Pilot Study in Animals. Materials (Basel). 2021;14:6945. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

Negidah TB, Shehab AF, Hatem H, Fanous SZ, Azab M. Implant Site Preparation Using Conventional Drilling Technique Versus Magnetic Malleting Technique (Randomized Clinical Study). Future Dent J. 2023;9:87–92. [DOI]

14.

Crespi R, Bruschi GB, Capparé P, Gherlone E. The utility of the electric mallet. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25:793–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

15.

Crespi R, Capparè P, Gherlone EF. Electrical mallet provides essential advantages in split-crest and immediate implant placement. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;18:59–64. [DOI] [PubMed]

16.

Crespi R, Capparè P, Gherlone E. A comparison of manual and electrical mallet in maxillary bone condensing for immediately loaded implants: a randomized study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2014;16:374–82. [DOI] [PubMed]

17.

Bennardo F, Barone S, Vocaturo C, Nucci L, Antonelli A, Giudice A. Usefulness of Magnetic Mallet in Oral Surgery and Implantology: A Systematic Review. J Pers Med. 2022;12:108. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

18.

Soldatos N, Nelson-Rabe L, Palanker N, Angelov N, Romanos G, Weltman R. Temperature Changes during Implant Osteotomy Preparations in Fresh Human Cadaver Tibiae, Comparing Straight with Tapered Drills. Materials (Basel). 2022;15:2369. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

19.

Kosior P, Nikodem A, Kozuń M, Dudek K, Janeczek M, Dobrzyński M. The assessment of temperature amplitude arising during the implant bed formation in relation to variable preparation parameters - in vitro study. Acta Bioeng Biomech. 2021;23:163–73. [PubMed]

20.

Baldi D, Colombo J, Robiony M, Menini M, Bisagni E, Pera P. Temperature variations in pulp chamber: an in-vitro comparison between ultrasonic and rotating instruments in tooth preparation. Part 1. Minerva Stomatol. 2020;69:14–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

21.

Baldi D, Colombo J, Stacchi C, Menini M, Oronos A, Pera P. Pulp vitality during ultrasonic tooth preparation. Part 2. Minerva Stomatol. 2020;69:21–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

22.

Timon C, Keady C. Thermal Osteonecrosis Caused by Bone Drilling in Orthopedic Surgery: A Literature Review. Cureus. 2019;11:e5226. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

23.

Bhargava N, Perrotti V, Caponio VCA, Matsubara VH, Patalwala D, Quaranta A. Comparison of heat production and bone architecture changes in the implant site preparation with compressive osteotomes, osseodensification technique, piezoelectric devices, and standard drills: an ex vivo study on porcine ribs. Odontology. 2023;111:142–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

24.

Cervino G, Fiorillo L, Scotti N, Motta FA, Motta FM, Colombo J, et al. Magneto-dynamic tool for full arch immediate loading in post-traumatic restoration with narrow implants: A case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2024;12:2050313X241241191. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

25.

Hahn J. Clinical uses of osteotomes. J Oral Implantol. 1999;25:23–9. [DOI] [PubMed]