Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias)
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias)
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)
Selective reporting (reporting bias)
Other bias
Ghaleb et al., 2024
Low risk
Unclear
High risk
Low risk
Low risk
Low risk
Low risk
Bishara et al., 2008
Low risk
Low risk
High risk
Low risk
Low risk
Low risk
Low risk
Shamsi et al., 2006
Low risk
Unclear
High risk
Unclear
Low risk
Low risk
Low risk
Shammaa et al., 1999 (October)
Low risk
Low risk
Not applicable
Low risk
Low risk
Low risk
Low risk
Osorio et al., 1999 (February)
Low risk
Low risk
Not applicable
Low risk
Low risk
Low risk
Low risk
Random sequence generation (selection bias): This assesses whether the allocation of treatments was randomized in a way that would not allow the predictor of allocation to be accounted for. Allocation concealment (selection bias) evaluates whether intervention allocations could have been foreseen before or during enrollment. Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias): Considers if participants and those administering the interventions were blinded to group assignment. Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias): Review whether the outcome assessors were blinded to the intervention provided. Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias): Looks at the completeness of outcome data for each primary outcome, including attrition and exclusions from the analysis. Selective reporting (reporting bias): Assesses if the reported findings include all of the study’s pre-specified outcomes. Other bias: Examines any potential source of bias not covered in the different domains
Declarations
Author contributions
FG: Methodology, Formal analysis. LF: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Project administration. MMM: Methodology. CDA: Writing—review & editing. MB: Visualization. MC and GC: Supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
Luca Fiorillo who is the Editorial Board Member of Exploration of Medicine had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The primary data for this systematic review were sourced online from databases listed in the methods. Referenced articles are accessible on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Additional supporting data are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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