This table presents a synthesized view of each manuscript, focusing on the study type, sample size, main findings, and statistical significance of the results, which should assist in quickly understanding the outcomes and impacts of these studies
First author et al. and year
Type of study
Sample size
Main results
Significant statistical results
Ghaleb et al., 2024
Experimental in vitro
60 teeth
Different systems for removing orthodontic adhesive affected enamel roughness differently. Tungsten carbide burs were best, followed by sof-lex discs, with diamond burs being the worst.
Yes, significant differences were found in enamel roughness and time for cement removal between different systems (p < 0.05).
Bishara et al., 2008
Experimental in vitro
30 teeth
New debonding instrument reduced bracket fracture compared to conventional pliers.
Yes, significant difference in bond failure patterns between two debonding methods (p = 0.013).
Shamsi et al., 2006
Experimental in vitro
60 teeth
Comparison of two adhesives showed differences in bond strength and residual adhesive. Resin-modified glass ionomer cement had lower bond strength than resin adhesive.
Yes, significant difference in bond strength and adhesive remnant index between two types of adhesives (p < 0.001).
Shammaa et al., 1999 (October)
Experimental (in vitro and in vivo)
80 teeth (in vitro), 30 patients (in vivo)
Comparison of debonding force and survival rate of brackets with different adhesives. No significant difference in survival rates among adhesives.
No significant differences in survival rates; however, differences in debonding force were observed in vitro (p < 0.05).
Osorio et al., 1999 (February)
Experimental in vitro
60 teeth
Longer etch time resulted in higher bond strength and more adhesive left on enamel after debonding.
Yes, significant differences in shear bond strength and adhesive remnant based on etching time (p < 0.05).
Declarations
Author contributions
FG: Methodology, Formal analysis. LF: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Project administration. MMM: Methodology. CDA: Writing—review & editing. MB: Visualization. MC and GC: Supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
Luca Fiorillo who is the Editorial Board Member of Exploration of Medicine had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The primary data for this systematic review were sourced online from databases listed in the methods. Referenced articles are accessible on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Additional supporting data are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Poole DFG, Newman HN. Dental plaque and oral health.Nature. 1971;234:329–31. [DOI] [PubMed]
Luzzi V, Ierardo G, Corridore D, Carlo GD, Giorgio GD, Leonardi E, et al. Evaluation of the orthodontic treatment need in a paediatric sample from Southern Italy and its importance among paediatricians for improving oral health in pediatric dentistry.J Clin Exp Dent. 2017;9:e995–1001. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
d’Apuzzo F, Nucci L, Delfino I, Portaccio M, Minervini G, Isola G, et al. Application of Vibrational Spectroscopies in the Qualitative Analysis of Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Periodontal Ligament during Orthodontic Tooth Movement.J Clin Med. 2021;10:1405. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Scribante A, Dermenaki Farahani MR, Marino G, Matera C, Rodriguez Y Baena R, Lanteri V, et al. Biomimetic Effect of Nano-Hydroxyapatite in Demineralized Enamel before Orthodontic Bonding of Brackets and Attachments: Visual, Adhesion Strength, and Hardness in In Vitro Tests.Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:6747498. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Uysal T, Akkurt MD, Amasyali M, Ozcan S, Yagci A, Basak F, et al. Does a chitosan-containing dentifrice prevent demineralization around orthodontic brackets?Angle Orthod. 2011;81:319–25. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Page MJ, Shamseer L, Tricco AC. Registration of systematic reviews in PROSPERO: 30,000 records and counting.Syst Rev. 2018;7:32. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yang ZR, Sun F, Zhan SY. Risk of bias assessment: (1) overview.Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2017;38:983–7. Chinese. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mansournia MA, Higgins JPT, Sterne JAC, Hernán MA. Biases in Randomized Trials: A Conversation Between Trialists and Epidemiologists.Epidemiology. 2017;28:54–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al.; Cochrane Bias Methods Group; Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials.BMJ. 2011;343:d5928. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Assessing Risk of Bias in Included Studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane Collaboration; 2008. pp. 187–241.
Ghaleb L, Al-Worafi NA, Thawaba A, Abdulqader AA, Alkamel A, Abdo Y, et al. Evaluation of enamel surface integrity after orthodontic bracket debonding: comparison of three different system.BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:358. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bishara SE, Ostby AW, Laffoon J, Warren JJ. Enamel cracks and ceramic bracket failure during debonding in vitro.Angle Orthod. 2008;78:1078–83. [DOI] [PubMed]
Shamsi AA, Cunningham JL, Lamey PJ, Lynch E. Shear bond strength and residual adhesive after orthodontic bracket debonding.Angle Orthod. 2006;76:694–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Shammaa I, Ngan P, Kim H, Kao E, Gladwin M, Gunel E, et al. Comparison of bracket debonding force between two conventional resin adhesives and a resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement: an in vitro and in vivo study.Angle Orthod. 1999;69:463–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Osorio R, Toledano M, Garcia-Godoy F. Bracket bonding with 15- or 60-second etching and adhesive remaining on enamel after debonding.Angle Orthod. 1999;69:45–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Minervini G, Franco R, Marrapodi MM, Blasio MD, Ronsivalle V, Cicciù M. Children oral health and parents education status: a cross sectional study.BMC Oral Health. 2023;23:787. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mandall NA, Cousley R, DiBiase A, Dyer F, Littlewood S, Mattick R, et al. Is early Class III protraction facemask treatment effective?J Orthod. 2012;39:176–85. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zheng M, Liu R, Ni Z, Yu Z. Efficiency, effectiveness and treatment stability of clear aligners: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Orthod Craniofac Res. 2017;20:127–33. [DOI] [PubMed]
Azevedo LM, Casas-Apayco LC, Villavicencio Espinoza CA, Wang L, Navarro MFdL, Atta MT. Effect of resin-modified glass-ionomer cement lining and composite layering technique on the adhesive interface of lateral wall.J Appl Oral Sci. 2015;23:315–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rai AK. Evaluation of bracket failure rate in orthodontic patients bonded with and without primer.Saudi J Dent Res. 2015;6:48–53. [DOI]
Triolo PT Jr, Swift EJ Jr, Mudgil A, Levine A. Effects of etching time on enamel bond strengths.Am J Dent. 1993;6:302–4. [PubMed]
Uzunçıbuk H, Marrapodi MM, Meto A, Ronsivalle V, Cicciù M, Minervini G. Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in clear aligner patients using orthodontic intermaxillary elastics assessed with diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) axis II evaluation: A cross-sectional study.J Oral Rehabil. 2024;51:500–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Minervini G, Franco R, Marrapodi MM, Ronsivalle V, Shapira I, Cicciù M. Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in subjects affected by Parkinson disease: A systematic review and metanalysis.J Oral Rehabil. 2023;50:877–85. [DOI] [PubMed]
Leonardi R, Ronsivalle V, Lagravere MO, Barbato E, Isola G, Giudice AL. Three-dimensional assessment of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis and clivus after tooth-borne and bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion.Angle Orthod. 2021;91:822–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Giudice AL, Quinzi V, Ronsivalle V, Farronato M, Nicotra C, Indelicato F, et al. Evaluation of Imaging Software Accuracy for 3-Dimensional Analysis of the Mandibular Condyle.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:4789. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kim S, Park Y, Kang S. Effects of Corticision on paradental remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement.Angle Orthod. 2009;79:284–91. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zhang X, Yang S, Liao Z, Xu L, Li C, Zeng H, et al. Prevalence and care index of early childhood caries in mainland China: evidence from epidemiological surveys during 1987-2013.Sci Rep. 2016;6:18897. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Pavoni C, Lombardo EC, Lione R, Bollero P, Ottaviani F, Cozza P. Orthopaedic treatment effects of functional therapy on the sagittal pharyngeal dimensions in subjects with sleep-disordered breathing and Class II malocclusion.Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2017;37:479–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Julien KC, Buschang PH, Campbell PM. Prevalence of white spot lesion formation during orthodontic treatment.Angle Orthod. 2013;83:641–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Vale F, Nunes C, Reis J, Travassos R, Ribeiro M, Marques F, et al. Pharyngeal Obturator Prosthesis Ideal for Orthodontic Appliances: A Case Series.Prosthesis. 2023;5:1129–38. [DOI]
D’Andrea D, Milone D, Nicita F, Risitano G, Santonocito D. Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Different Types of Orthodontic Brackets and Archwires by Optical Microscopy and X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy.Prosthesis. 2021;3:342–60. [DOI]
Ogaard B, Rölla G, Ruben J, Dijkman T, Arends J. Microradiographic study of demineralization of shark enamel in a human caries model.Scand J Dent Res. 1988;96:209–11. [DOI] [PubMed]
Fiorillo L, Cervino G, Herford AS, Laino L, Cicciù M. Stannous Fluoride Effects on Enamel: A Systematic Review.Biomimetics (Basel). 2020;5:41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Derks A, Katsaros C, Frencken JE, van’t Hof MA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Caries-inhibiting effect of preventive measures during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.Caries Res. 2004;38:413–20. [DOI] [PubMed]
