Table Info

Table 1.

Clinical Status of recently approved drugs [24, 25]. The fundamental functional principle and clinical aspect of the four FDA-approved EGFR-TKIs that are most frequently used are summarised in this gefitinib (Iressa), erlotinib (Tarceva), osimertinib (Tagrisso), afatinib (Gilotrif), and dacomitinib (Vizimpro) [26]

TKI	Erlotinib	Gefitinib	Afatinib	Dacomitinib	Osimertinib
Brand name	Tarceva	Iressa	Gilotrif	Vizimpro	Tagrisso
Dose	150 mg 1 h before or 2 h after food	250 mg +/− food	40 mg 1 h before or 2 h after food	45 mg orally once daily	80 mg +/− food
Indication	First generation for advanced NSCLC	First generation for advanced NSCLC	Second generation for advanced NSCLC	Second generation for advanced NSCLC	Third generation for advanced NSCLC
Side effects	Rash, diarrhea, edema, cough, conjunctivitis	skin reaction, rash, anorexia, stomatitis diarrhea, paronychia	Eruption rash dry skin, diarrhea, loss of appetite, stomatitis, diarrhea	Diarrhea, interstitial lung disease, stomatitis, rash	QTc prolongation, ocular disorder cardiomyopathy
MOA	Competitive; reversible EGFR L858R, Del19	Competitive; reversible EGFR L858R, Del19	Covalent; irreversible EGFR L858R, L858R/T790M	Covalent; irreversible EGFR L858R, L858R/T790M	Covalent; irreversible
Drug approval year	2004	2003	2013	2012	2015
Status	Phase III approved (2012)	Phase III approved (2019)	Phase III approved (2021)	Phase III approved (2018)	Phase III approved (2021)

NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; MOA: mechanism of action

Declarations

Acknowledgments

Authors are thankful to the Management of Dr Vishwanath Karad MIT-World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune 411038.

Author contributions

PSW: Writing—original draft, Data curation. ARC: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. KGR: Data curation, Validation, Visualization. BGP: Writing—review & editing. SCJ: Supervision, Validation.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394–424. [DOI] [PubMed]

Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, Mathers C, Parkin DM, Piñeros M, et al. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. Int J Cancer. 2019;144:1941–53. [DOI] [PubMed]

Wang J, Zhou T, Liu Y, Chen S, Yu Z. Application of Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Lung Cancer With Emphasis on Receptors. Front Pharmacol. 2022;12:781425. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022;72:7–33. [DOI] [PubMed]

Khanmohammadi A, Aghaie A, Vahedi E, Qazvini A, Ghanei M, Afkhami A, et al. Electrochemical biosensors for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers: A review. Talanta. 2020;206:120251. [DOI] [PubMed]

Bethune G, Bethune D, Ridgway N, Xu Z. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in lung cancer: an overview and update. J Thorac Dis. 2010;2:48–51. [PubMed] [PMC]

Jin X, Zhou J, Zhang Z, Lv H. The combined administration of parthenolide and ginsenoside CK in long circulation liposomes with targeted tLyp-1 ligand induce mitochondria-mediated lung cancer apoptosis. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2018;46:S931–42. [DOI] [PubMed]

Zappa C, Mousa SA. Non-small cell lung cancer: current treatment and future advances. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2016;5:288–300. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Pao W, Girard N. New driver mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:175–80. [DOI] [PubMed]

10.

Georgoulias V, Papadakis E, Alexopoulos A, Tsiafaki X, Rapti A, Veslemes M, et al.; Greek Oncology Cooperative Group (GOCG) for Lung Cancer. Platinum-based and non-platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomised multicentre trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1478–84. [DOI] [PubMed]

11.

Yarden Y. The EGFR family and its ligands in human cancer. signalling mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:S3–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

12.

Benelmekki M. An introduction to nanoparticles and nanotechnology. In: Designing Hybrid Nanoparticles. Morgan & Claypool Publishers; 2015. pp. 1-1–14. [DOI]

13.

Almeida JPM, Lin AY, Langsner RJ, Eckels P, Foster AE, Drezek RA. In vivo immune cell distribution of gold nanoparticles in naïve and tumor bearing mice. Small. 2014;10:812–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

14.

Rosell R, Morán T, Carcereny E, Quiroga V, Molina MA, Costa C, et al. Non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring mutations in the EGFR kinase domain. Clin Transl Oncol. 2010;12:75–80. [DOI] [PubMed]

15.

Bordi P, Re MD, Danesi R, Tiseo M. Circulating DNA in diagnosis and monitoring EGFR gene mutations in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2015;4:584–97. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

16.

Yuan M, Huang L, Chen J, Wu J, Xu Q. The emerging treatment landscape of targeted therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2019;4:61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

17.

Lin C, Hu F, Chu H, Ren P, Ma S, Wang J, et al. The role of EGFR-TKIs as adjuvant therapy in EGFR mutation-positive early-stage NSCLC: A meta-analysis. Thorac Cancer. 2021;12:1084–95. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

18.

Wu YL, Tsuboi M, He J, John T, Grohe C, Majem M, et al.; ADAURA Investigators. Osimertinib in Resected EGFR-Mutated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1711–23. [DOI] [PubMed]

19.

Zhong W, Wang Q, Mao W, Xu S, Wu L, Shen Y, et al.; ADJUVANT investigators. Gefitinib versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin as adjuvant treatment for stage II-IIIA (N1-N2) EGFR-mutant NSCLC (ADJUVANT/CTONG1104): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19:139–48. [DOI] [PubMed]

20.

Yue D, Xu S, Wang Q, Li X, Shen Y, Zhao H, et al. Erlotinib versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin as adjuvant therapy in Chinese patients with stage IIIA EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (EVAN): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6:863–73. [DOI] [PubMed]

21.

Li N, Ou W, Ye X, Sun H, Zhang L, Fang Q, et al. Pemetrexed-carboplatin adjuvant chemotherapy with or without gefitinib in resected stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer harbouring EGFR mutations: a randomized, phase II study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21:2091–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

22.

Kelly K, Altorki NK, Eberhardt WE, O’Brien ME, Spigel DR, Crinò L, et al. Adjuvant Erlotinib Versus Placebo in Patients With Stage IB-IIIA Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (RADIANT): A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase III Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:4007–14. [DOI] [PubMed]

23.

Sun L, Guo Y, Song J, Wang Y, Zhang S, Huang L, et al. Neoadjuvant EGFR-TKI Therapy for EGFR-Mutant NSCLC: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Five Prospective Clinical Trials. Front Oncol. 2021;10:586596. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

24.

Sullivan I, Planchard D. Next-Generation EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treating EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer beyond First Line. Front Med (Lausanne). 2017;3:76. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

25.

Solassol I, Pinguet F, Quantin X. FDA- and EMA-Approved Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Advanced EGFR-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Safety, Tolerability, Plasma Concentration Monitoring, and Management. Biomolecules. 2019;9:668. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

26.

Bodnar RJ. Anti-Angiogenic Drugs: Involvement in Cutaneous Side Effects and Wound-Healing Complication. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2014;3:635–46. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

27.

Özdemir A, Ciftci H, Sever B, Tateishi H, Otsuka M, Fujita M, et al. A New Series of Indeno[1,2- c]pyrazoles as EGFR TK Inhibitors for NSCLC Therapy. Molecules. 2022;27:485. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

28.

TUSC2-nanoparticles and Erlotinib in Stage IV Lung Cancer [Internet]. National Library of Medicine; c2024 [cited 2022 Mar 2]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01455389

29.

FDA Grants Fast Track Designation to Quaratusugene Ozeplasmid Immunogene Therapy Plus Pembrolizumab for NSCLC [Internet]. Cranbury: MJH Life Sciences; c2024 [cited 2022 Jan 5]. Available from: https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/fda-grants-fast-track-designation-to-quaratusugene-ozeplasmid-immunogene-therapy-plus-pembrolizumab-for-nsclc

30.

Asahina H, Tanaka K, Morita S, Maemondo M, Seike M, Okamoto I, et al. A Phase II Study of Osimertinib Combined With Platinum Plus Pemetrexed in Patients With EGFR-Mutated Advanced Non-Small-cell Lung Cancer: The OPAL Study (NEJ032C/LOGIK1801). Clin Lung Cancer. 2021;22:147–51. [DOI] [PubMed]

31.

Qin H, Wang F, Zeng Z, Jia S, Liu Y, Gao H. Effect of Osimertinib in Combination With Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab for Untreated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Mutated Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Case Report. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:679667. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

32.

Rotow JK, Costa DB, Paweletz CP, Awad MM, Marcoux P, Rangachari D, et al. Concurrent osimertinib plus gefitinib for first-line treatment of EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol. 2020;38:9507. [DOI]

33.

Solomon B, Mersiades A, Brown C, Dawson S, Wong S, Tan L, et al. P76.64 Alternating Osimertinib and Gefitinib as Second-Line Treatment for EGFR-Mutated NSCLC Harbouring a T790M Resistance Mutation (OSCILLATE). J Thorac Oncol. 2021;16:S615–6. [DOI]

34.

Yang Y, Liu Q, Cao L, Sun W, Gu X, Liu B, et al. Osimertinib versus afatinib in patients with T790M-positive, non-small-cell lung cancer and multiple central nervous system metastases after failure of initial EGFR-TKI treatment. BMC Pulm Med. 2021;21:172. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

35.

García-Pinel B, Porras-Alcalá C, Ortega-Rodríguez A, Sarabia F, Prados J, Melguizo C, et al. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles: Application and Recent Advances in Cancer Treatment. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2019;9:638. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

36.

Markman JL, Rekechenetskiy A, Holler E, Ljubimova JY. Nanomedicine therapeutic approaches to overcome cancer drug resistance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013;65:1866–79. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

37.

Zhang A, Meng K, Liu Y, Pan Y, Qu W, Chen D, et al. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of nanocarriers in vivo and their influences. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2020;284:102261. [DOI] [PubMed]

38.

Wang B, He X, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Feng W. Metabolism of nanomaterials in vivo: blood circulation and organ clearance. Acc Chem Res. 2013;46:761–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

39.

Ravinayagam V, Jermy BR. Nanomaterials and their negative effects on human health. In: Khan F, editor. Applications of Nanomaterials in Human Health. Singapore: Springer; 2020. pp. 249–73. [DOI] [PMC]

40.

Patra JK, Das G, Fraceto LF, Campos EVR, Rodriguez-Torres MDP, Acosta-Torres LS, et al. Nano based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects. J Nanobiotechnology. 2018;16:71. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

41.

Sharma P, Mehta M, Dhanjal DS, Kaur S, Gupta G, Singh H, et al. Emerging trends in the novel drug delivery approaches for the treatment of lung cancer. Chem Biol Interact. 2019;309:108720. [DOI] [PubMed]

42.

Blanco E, Shen H, Ferrari M. Principles of nanoparticle design for overcoming biological barriers to drug delivery. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33:941–51. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

43.

Liu Z, Tabakman S, Welsher K, Dai H. Carbon Nanotubes in Biology and Medicine: In vitro and in vivo Detection, Imaging and Drug Delivery. Nano Res. 2009;2:85–120. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

44.

Razzacki SZ, Thwar PK, Yang M, Ugaz VM, Burns MA. Integrated microsystems for controlled drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004;56:185–98. [DOI] [PubMed]

45.

Orive G, Gascón AR, Hernández RM, Domínguez-Gil A, Pedraz JL. Techniques: new approaches to the delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004;25:382–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

46.

Kabanov AV, Lemieux P, Vinogradov S, Alakhov V. Pluronic block copolymers: novel functional molecules for gene therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002;54:223–33. [DOI] [PubMed]

47.

Mirza AZ, Siddiqui FA. Nanomedicine and drug delivery: a mini review. Int Nano Lett. 2014;4:94. [DOI]

48.

Wang N, Feng Y. Elaborating the role of natural products-induced autophagy in cancer treatment: achievements and artifacts in the state of the art. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:934207. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

49.

Carrasco-Esteban E, Domínguez-Rullán JA, Barrionuevo-Castillo P, Pelari-Mici L, Leaman O, Sastre-Gallego S, et al. Current role of nanoparticles in the treatment of lung cancer. J Clin Transl Res. 2021;7:140–55. [PubMed] [PMC]

50.

Jong WHD, Borm PJA. Drug delivery and nanoparticles: applications and hazards. Int J Nanomedicine. 2008;3:133–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

51.

Lenaerts V, Nagelkerke JF, Berkel TJV, Couvreur P, Grislain L, Roland M, et al. In vivo uptake of polyisobutyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles by rat liver Kupffer, endothelial, and parenchymal cells. J Pharm Sci. 1984;73:980–2. [DOI] [PubMed]

52.

Bajpai S, Tiwary SK, Sonker M, Joshi A, Gupta V, Kumar Y, et al. Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Cancer Treatment: A Review. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2021;4:6441–70. [DOI]

53.

Zensi A, Begley D, Pontikis C, Legros C, Mihoreanu L, Wagner S, et al. Albumin nanoparticles targeted with Apo E enter the CNS by transcytosis and are delivered to neurones. J Control Release. 2009;137:78–86. [DOI] [PubMed]

54.

Bazile D, Prud’homme C, Bassoullet MT, Marlard M, Spenlehauer G, Veillard M. Stealth Me.PEG-PLA nanoparticles avoid uptake by the mononuclear phagocytes system. J Pharm Sci. 1995;84:493–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

55.

Amina SJ, Guo B. A Review on the Synthesis and Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles as a Drug Delivery Vehicle. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:9823–57. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

56.

Panyam J, Zhou W, Prabha S, Sahoo SK, Labhasetwar V. Rapid endo-lysosomal escape of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles: implications for drug and gene delivery. FASEB J. 2002;16:1217–26. [DOI] [PubMed]

57.

Konan YN, Chevallier J, Gurny R, Allémann E. Encapsulation of p-THPP into nanoparticles: cellular uptake, subcellular localization and effect of serum on photodynamic activity. Photochem Photobiol. 2003;77:638–44. [DOI] [PubMed]

58.

Weissenböck A, Wirth M, Gabor F. WGA-grafted PLGA-nanospheres: preparation and association with Caco-2 single cells. J Control Release. 2004;99:383–92. [DOI] [PubMed]

59.

Prinzen L, Miserus RJHM, Dirksen A, Hackeng TM, Deckers N, Bitsch NJ, et al. Optical and magnetic resonance imaging of cell death and platelet activation using annexin a5-functionalized quantum dots. Nano Lett. 2007;7:93–100. [DOI] [PubMed]

60.

Nobs L, Buchegger F, Gurny R, Allémann E. Poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles labeled with biologically active Neutravidin for active targeting. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2004;58:483–90. [DOI] [PubMed]

61.

Milenic DE, Brady ED, Brechbiel MW. Antibody-targeted radiation cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004;3:488–99. [DOI] [PubMed]

62.

Zwicke GL, Mansoori GA, Jeffery CJ. Utilizing the folate receptor for active targeting of cancer nanotherapeutics. Nano Rev. 2012;3. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

63.

Lo YL, Lin HC, Hong ST, Chang CH, Wang CS, Lin AMY. Lipid polymeric nanoparticles modified with tight junction-modulating peptides promote afatinib delivery across a blood–brain barrier model. Cancer Nanotechnol. 2021;12:13. [DOI]

64.

Skupin-Mrugalska P, Minko T. Development of Liposomal Vesicles for Osimertinib Delivery to EGFR Mutation-Positive Lung Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12:939. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

65.

Hu Y, Zhang J, Hu H, Xu S, Xu L, Chen E. Gefitinib encapsulation based on nano-liposomes for enhancing the curative effect of lung cancer. Cell Cycle. 2020;19:3581–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

66.

Satari N, Taymouri S, Varshosaz J, Rostami M, Mirian M. Preparation and evaluation of inhalable dry powder containing glucosamine-conjugated gefitinib SLNs for lung cancer therapy. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2020;46:1265–77. [DOI] [PubMed]

67.

Zhang T, Wang R, Li M, Bao J, Chen Y, Ge Y, et al. Comparative study of intratracheal and oral gefitinib for the treatment of primary lung cancer. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2020;149:105352. [DOI] [PubMed]

68.

Chan M, Huang W, Wang J, Liu R, Hsiao M. Next-Generation Cancer-Specific Hybrid Theranostic Nanomaterials: MAGE-A3 NIR Persistent Luminescence Nanoparticles Conjugated to Afatinib for In Situ Suppression of Lung Adenocarcinoma Growth and Metastasis. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2020;7:1903741. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

69.

Ganthala PD, Alavala S, Chella N, Andugulapati SB, Bathini NB, Sistla R. Co-encapsulated nanoparticles of Erlotinib and Quercetin for targeting lung cancer through nuclear EGFR and PI3K/AKT inhibition. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2022;211:112305. [DOI] [PubMed]

70.

Zhou X, He X, Shi K, Yuan L, Yang Y, Liu Q, et al. Injectable Thermosensitive Hydrogel Containing Erlotinib-Loaded Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a Localized Drug Delivery System for NSCLC Therapy. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2020;7:2001442. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

71.

Li K, Zhan W, Jia M, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Jha RK, et al. Dual Loading of Nanoparticles with Doxorubicin and Icotinib for the Synergistic Suppression of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Med Sci. 2020;17:390–402. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

72.

Pang J, Xing H, Sun Y, Feng S, Wang S. Non-small cell lung cancer combination therapy: Hyaluronic acid modified, epidermal growth factor receptor targeted, pH sensitive lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for the delivery of erlotinib plus bevacizumab. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;125:109861. [DOI] [PubMed]

73.

Wang D, Zhou J, Fang W, Huang C, Chen Z, Fan M, et al. A multifunctional nanotheranostic agent potentiates erlotinib to EGFR wild-type non-small cell lung cancer. Bioact Mater. 2021;13:312–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

74.

Upadhyay P, Ghosh A, Basu A, Pranati PA, Gupta P, Das S, et al. Delivery of gefitinib in synergism with thymoquinone via transferrin-conjugated nanoparticle sensitizes gefitinib-resistant non-small cell lung carcinoma to control metastasis and stemness. Biomater Sci. 2021;9:8285–312. [DOI] [PubMed]

75.

Chen W, Yu D, Sun S, Li F. Nanoparticles for co-delivery of osimertinib and selumetinib to overcome osimertinib-acquired resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Biomater. 2021;129:258–68. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

76.

Lee Y, Lee D, Park E, Jang S, Cheon SY, Han S, et al. Rhamnolipid-coated W/O/W double emulsion nanoparticles for efficient delivery of doxorubicin/erlotinib and combination chemotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology. 2021;19:411. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

77.

Bozzuto G, Molinari A. Liposomes as nanomedical devices. Int J Nanomedicine. 2015;10:975–99. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

78.

Sercombe L, Veerati T, Moheimani F, Wu SY, Sood AK, Hua S. Advances and Challenges of Liposome Assisted Drug Delivery. Front Pharmacol. 2015;6:286. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

79.

Yingchoncharoen P, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy: What Is Available and What Is Yet to Come. Pharmacol Rev. 2016;68:701–87. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

80.

Lu X, Liu S, Han M, Yang X, Sun K, Wang H, et al. Afatinib-loaded immunoliposomes functionalized with cetuximab: A novel strategy targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor for treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Pharm. 2019;560:126–35. [DOI] [PubMed]

81.

Lv X, Yin J, Yang X, Liu S, Sun K. [Formulation and Efficacy of Liposome-encapsulated Afatinib for Therapy of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi. 2018;21:663–9. Chinese. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

82.

Almurshedi AS, Radwa M, Omar S, Alaiya AA, Badran MM, Elsaghire H, et al. A novel pH-sensitive liposome to trigger delivery of afatinib to cancer cells: Impact on lung cancer therapy. J Mol Liq. 2018;259:154–66. [DOI]

83.

Paliwal R, Paliwal SR, Kenwat R, Kurmi BD, Sahu MK. Solid lipid nanoparticles: a review on recent perspectives and patents. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2020;30:179–94. [DOI] [PubMed]

84.

Andreozzi E, Seo JW, Ferrara K, Louie A. Novel method to label solid lipid nanoparticles with ⁶⁴cu for positron emission tomography imaging. Bioconjug Chem. 2011;22:808–18. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

85.

Pan X, Zhang X, Sun H, Zhang J, Yan M, Zhang H. Autophagy Inhibition Promotes 5-Fluorouraci-Induced Apoptosis by Stimulating ROS Formation in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer A549 Cells. PLoS ONE. 8:e56679. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

86.

Bakhtiary Z, Barar J, Aghanejad A, Saei AA, Nemati E, Dolatabadi JEN, et al. Microparticles containing erlotinib-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2017;43:1244–53. [DOI] [PubMed]

87.

Gaur PK, Mishra S, Purohit S. Solid lipid nanoparticles of guggul lipid as drug carrier for transdermal drug delivery. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:750690. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

88.

Zielińska W, Nawrocka A, Rydzkowski M, Kokocha A, Matulewicz K, Hałas-Wiśniewska M, et al. Possibilities in the application of solid lipid nanoparticles in combination with 5-fluorouracil to overcome the drugresistance of non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549. Med Res J. 2020;5:1–8. [DOI]

89.

Duan Y, Dhar A, Patel C, Khimani M, Neogi S, Sharma P, et al. A brief review on solid lipid nanoparticles: part and parcel of contemporary drug delivery systems. RSC Adv. 2020;10:26777–91. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

90.

Makled S, Nafee N, Boraie N. Nebulized solid lipid nanoparticles for the potential treatment of pulmonary hypertension via targeted delivery of phosphodiesterase-5-inhibitor. Int J Pharm. 2017;517:312–21. [DOI] [PubMed]

91.

Yang Y, Huang Z, Li J, Mo Z, Huang Y, Ma C, et al. PLGA Porous Microspheres Dry Powders for Codelivery of Afatinib-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Paclitaxel: Novel Therapy for EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Resistant Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer. Adv Healthc Mater. 2019;8:e1900965. [DOI] [PubMed]

92.

Haider M, Abdin SM, Kamal L, Orive G. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Delivery of Chemotherapeutics: A Review. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12:288. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

93.

Khosa A, Reddi S, Saha RN. Nanostructured lipid carriers for site-specific drug delivery. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;103:598–613. [DOI] [PubMed]

94.

Ghasemiyeh P, Mohammadi-Samani S. Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers as novel drug delivery systems: applications, advantages and disadvantages. Res Pharm Sci. 2018;13:288–303. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

95.

Hoffman AS. The origins and evolution of “controlled” drug delivery systems. J Control Release. 2008;132:153–63. [DOI] [PubMed]

96.

Chan JM, Valencia PM, Zhang L, Langer R, Farokhzad OC. Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;624:163–75. [DOI] [PubMed]

97.

Singh S, Nalwa HS. Nanotechnology and health safety--toxicity and risk assessments of nanostructured materials on human health. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2007;7:3048–70. [DOI] [PubMed]

98.

Vaidya B, Parvathaneni V, Kulkarni NS, Shukla SK, Damon JK, Sarode A, et al. Cyclodextrin modified erlotinib loaded PLGA nanoparticles for improved therapeutic efficacy against non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;122:338–47. [DOI] [PubMed]

99.

Nikolova C, Gutierrez T. Biosurfactants and Their Applications in the Oil and Gas Industry: Current State of Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:626639. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

100.

Xu W, Ling P, Zhang T. Polymeric micelles, a promising drug delivery system to enhance bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. J Drug Deliv. 2013;2013:340315. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

101.

Miyata K, Christie RJ, Kataoka K. Polymeric micelles for nano-scale drug delivery. React Funct Polym. 2011;71:227–34. [DOI]

102.

Zhou X, Shi K, Hao Y, Yang C, Zha R, Yi C, et al. Advances in nanotechnology-based delivery systems for EGFR tyrosine kinases inhibitors in cancer therapy. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2020;15:26–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

103.

Sandoval-Yañez C, Rodriguez CC. Dendrimers: Amazing Platforms for Bioactive Molecule Delivery Systems. Materials (Basel). 2020;13:570. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

104.

Sharma AK, Gothwal A, Kesharwani P, Alsaab H, Iyer AK, Gupta U. Dendrimer nanoarchitectures for cancer diagnosis and anticancer drug delivery. Drug Discov Today. 2017;22:314–26. [DOI] [PubMed]

105.

Chis AA, Dobrea C, Morgovan C, Arseniu AM, Rus LL, Butuca A, et al. Applications and Limitations of Dendrimers in Biomedicine. Molecules. 2020;25:3982. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

106.

Mohtar N, Parumasivam T, Gazzali AM, Tan CS, Tan ML, Othman R, et al. Advanced Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems and Their Cellular Evaluation for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:3539. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

107.

Issa B, Obaidat IM, Albiss BA, Haik Y. Magnetic nanoparticles: surface effects and properties related to biomedicine applications. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14:21266–305. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

108.

Oerlemans C, Bult W, Bos M, Storm G, Nijsen JFW, Hennink WE. Polymeric micelles in anticancer therapy: targeting, imaging and triggered release. Pharm Res. 2010;27:2569–89. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

109.

Yu AYH, Fu RH, Hsu SH, Chiu CF, Fang WH, Yeh CA, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptors siRNA-conjugated collagen modified gold nanoparticles for targeted imaging and therapy of lung cancer. Mater Today Adv. 2021;12:100191. [DOI]

110.

Saifuddin N, Raziah AZ, Junizah AZ. Carbon Nanotubes: A Review on Structure and Their Interaction with Proteins. J Chem. 2013;2013:676815. [DOI]

111.

Casals E, Puntes VF. Inorganic nanoparticle biomolecular corona: formation, evolution and biological impact. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2012;7:1917–30. [DOI] [PubMed]

112.

Barbarino M, Giordano A. Assessment of the Carcinogenicity of Carbon Nanotubes in the Respiratory System. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:1318. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

113.

Li X, Wang L, Fan Y, Feng Q, Cui FZ. Biocompatibility and toxicity of nanoparticles and nanotubes. J Nanomater. 2012;2012:548389. [DOI]