Table Info

Table 3.

The frequencies of BMS data

Variables		BMS
Variables		n	%	p-value
Time of the day of BMS	Morning	23	30.7%	< 0.001*
	Night	4	5.3%
	Day and night	33	44%
	Daytime	13	17.3%
	Evening	2	2.7%
Oral dryness	Yes	59	78.7%	< 0.001*
Oral dryness	No	16	21.3%	< 0.001*
Taste disturbance	Yes	37	49.3%	0.908ns
Taste disturbance	No	38	50.7%	0.908ns
Quality of life	A little	14	18.7%	0.404ns
	Moderately	24	32%
	Very much	17	22.7%
	Extremely	20	26.7%
PSS scores	Low stress	0	0%	< 0.001*
	Moderate stress	40	53.3%
	High perceived stress	35	46.7%

*: significant (p < 0.05); ns: non-significant (p ≥ 0.05); BMS: burning mouth syndrome; PSS: Perceived Stress Scale

Declarations

Author contributions

DG: Conceptualization, Supervision and editing, Writing review, results, and discussion & conclusion. AAB: Resources, data collection, and writing the original draft. AA, AH and AEG: Clinical examination and data collection and writing the original draft.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical approval

Approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, the British University in Egypt with approval No. 23-031.

Consent to participate

The procedures were fully explained to the patients, and they signed an informed consent.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Copyright

References

Treede R, Rief W, Barke A, Aziz Q, Bennett MI, Benoliel R, et al. Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Pain. 2019;160:19–27. [DOI] [PubMed]

Tan HL, Renton T. Burning mouth syndrome: An update. Cephalalgia Rep. 2020;3. [DOI]

Suzuki N, Mashu S, Toyoda M, Nishibori M. Oral burning sensation: prevalence and gender differences in a Japanese population. Pain Pract. 2010;10:306–11. [DOI] [PubMed]

Ariyawardana A, Chmieliauskaite M, Farag AM, Albuquerque R, Forssell H, Nasri-Heir C, et al. World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII: Burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review of disease definitions and diagnostic criteria utilized in randomized clinical trials. Oral Dis. 2019;25:141–56. [DOI] [PubMed]

Ducasse D, Courtet P, Olie E. Burning mouth syndrome: current clinical, physiopathologic, and therapeutic data. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2013;38:380–90. [DOI] [PubMed]

Pereira JV, Normando AGC, Rodrigues-Fernandes CI, Rivera C, Santos-Silva AR, Lopes MA. The impact on quality of life in patients with burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2021;131:186–94. [DOI] [PubMed]

Fukushima Y, Kitamura T, Ikami E, Yumoto M, Sano Y, Sato T, et al. A case of burning mouth syndrome leading to suicide 10 days after self-cutting of tongue. Psychogeriatrics. 2020;20:126–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Wu S, Zhang W, Yan J, Noma N, Young A, Yan Z. Worldwide prevalence estimates of burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2022;28:1431–40. [DOI] [PubMed]

Coculescu EC, Tovaru S, Coculescu BI. Epidemiological and etiological aspects of burning mouth syndrome. J Med Life. 2014;7:305–9. [PubMed] [PMC]

10.

Fattori E, Teixeira DS, de Figueiredo MA, Cherubini K, Salum FG. Stomatological disorders in older people: An epidemiological study in the Brazil southern. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2019;24:e577–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

11.

Ge S, Liu L, Zhou Q, Lou B, Zhou Z, Lou J, et al. Prevalence of and related risk factors in oral mucosa diseases among residents in the Baoshan District of Shanghai, China. PeerJ. 2020;8:e8644. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

12.

Bergdahl M, Bergdahl J. Burning mouth syndrome: prevalence and associated factors. J Oral Pathol Med. 1999;28:350–4. [DOI] [PubMed]

13.

The Orofacial Pain Classification Committee. International Classification of Orofacial Pain, 1st edition (ICOP). Cephalalgia. 2020;40:129–221. [DOI] [PubMed]

14.

Lee E. Review of the psychometric evidence of the perceived stress scale. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2012;6:121–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

15.

Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24:385–96. [PubMed]

16.

Cohen S, Williamson GM. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In: Spacapan S, Oskamp S, editors. The Social Psychology of Health. Cham: Sage; 1988. pp. 31–67.

17.

Li L, Gao YL, Cao YP, Liu QY, Qi JJ, Yuan CQ. Epidemiological investigation on the prevalence of oral mucosal diseases in the elderly. General J Stomatol. 2015;2:123–4. Chinese.

18.

Nada A, Abdel Moneim W, Fakhr M, El-Sawy S. Prevalence of Burning Mouth Syndrome in A sample of Egyptian Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy: A Cross Sectional Hospital-Based Study. Adv Dental J. 2020;2:34–42. [DOI]

19.

de Lima-Souza RA, Pérez-de-Oliveira ME, Normando AGC, Louredo BVR, Mariano FV, Farag AM, et al. Clinical and epidemiological profile of burning mouth syndrome patients following the International Headache Society classification: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2024;137:119–35. [DOI] [PubMed]

20.

Assiri KI, Dawasaz AA, Alshehri AA, Mohammad F, Alyami YD. Burning mouth syndrome in Southwestern Saudi Arabian population – Part I: Prevalence. Saudi J Oral Sci. 2019;6:65–71. [DOI]

21.

Chai L, Zhan YB, Zhang HC, Yan Y, Mu S, Zhang MX, et al. Analysis on the constitution of periodontal diseases and oral mucosal diseases. J Harbin Med University. 2014;48:234–7. Chinese.

22.

Liu QQ, Yang C, Zhang YY. A clinical analysis of 1,500 cases of oral mucosa diseases in Henan Province. Henan Med Res. 2017;26:1170–2. Chinese.

23.

Wang H, He F, Xu C, Fang C, Peng J. Clinical analysis for oral mucosal disease in 21 972 cases. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2018;43:779–83. Chinese. [DOI] [PubMed]

24.

Fayaz A, Croft P, Langford RM, Donaldson LJ, Jones GT. Prevalence of chronic pain in the UK: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population studies. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e010364. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

25.

Nasri-Heir C, Zagury JG, Thomas D, Ananthan S. Burning mouth syndrome: Current concepts. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2015;15:300–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

26.

Zhang J, Li D, Li MY, Sha JJ, Jiang XJ. Prevalence of oral mucosal diseases and related risk factors in the middle-aged and elderly people of Hui and Han population in Zhongwei City, Ningxia Province. Chinese J Conservative Dent. 2016;26:736–40. Chinese.

27.

Maurer AJ, Lissounov A, Knezevic I, Candido KD, Knezevic NN. Pain and sex hormones: a review of current understanding. Pain Manag. 2016;6:285–96. [DOI] [PubMed]

28.

Asher M, Asnaani A, Aderka IM. Gender differences in social anxiety disorder: A review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;56:1–12. [DOI] [PubMed]

29.

Calabria E, Canfora F, Leuci S, Coppola N, Pecoraro G, Giudice A, et al. Gender differences in pain perception among burning mouth syndrome patients: a cross-sectional study of 242 men and 242 women. Sci Rep. 2024;14:3340. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

30.

Freilich JE, Kuten-Shorrer M, Treister NS, Woo S, Villa A. Burning mouth syndrome: a diagnostic challenge. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2020;129:120–4. [DOI] [PubMed]

31.

Wu Y, Chiang C. Association of medications with burning mouth syndrome in Taiwanese aged patients. J Dent Sci. 2023;18:833–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

32.

Ghalwash D, Abou-Bakr A, Hussein RR, et al. Comorbidities and final outcome of post COVID-19 associated oral mucormycosis patients: a cross-sectional study. Egypt J Otolaryngol. 2024; 40:51. [DOI]

33.

Pereira SR, Velasquez JT, Duggan S, Ivanisevic B, McKenna JP, McCreary C, et al. Recent advances in the understanding of the aetiology and therapeutic strategies in burning mouth syndrome: Focus on the actions of cannabinoids. Eur J Neurosci. 2022;55:1032–50. [DOI] [PubMed]

34.

Adamo D, Spagnuolo G. Burning Mouth Syndrome: An Overview and Future Perspectives. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;20:682. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

35.

Aravindhan R, Vidyalakshmi S, Kumar MS, Satheesh C, Balasubramanium AM, Prasad VS. Burning mouth syndrome: A review on its diagnostic and therapeutic approach. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2014;6:S21–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

36.

Kohorst JJ, Bruce AJ, Torgerson RR, Schenck LA, Davis MDP. The prevalence of burning mouth syndrome: a population-based study. Br J Dermatol. 2015;172:1654–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

37.

Lopez-Jornet P, Pagan DM, Mateos PA, Agudo CR, Pons-Fuster A. Circadian rhythms variation of pain in burning mouth syndrome. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015;15:490–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

38.

Adamo D, Canfora F, Calabria E, Coppola N, Sansone M, Spagnuolo G, et al. Burning Mouth Syndrome and Hypertension: Prevalence, Gender Differences and Association with Pain and Psycho-Social Characteristics-A Case Control Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20:2040. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

39.

de Pedro M, López-Pintor RM, Casañas E, Hernández G. General health status of a sample of patients with burning mouth syndrome: A case-control study. Oral Dis. 2020;26:1020–31. [DOI] [PubMed]

40.

Ghalwash DM. Diagnostic and prognostic value of salivary biomarkers in oral cancer and precancer: Review article. J Oral Maxillofac Surgery Med Pathol. 2020;32:538–43. [DOI]

41.

Acharya S, Hägglin C, Jontell M, Wenneberg B, Ekström J, Carlén A. Saliva on the oral mucosa and whole saliva in women diagnosed with burning mouth syndrome. Oral Dis. 2018;24:1468–76. [DOI] [PubMed]

42.

Ibrahim SS, Abou-Bakr A, Ghalwash DM, Hussein RR. Effectiveness of thyme honey in the management of xerostomia in geriatric patients with end-stage renal disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial with a biochemical assessment. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28:406. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

43.

Braud A, Descroix V, Ungeheuer M, Rougeot C, Boucher Y. Taste function assessed by electrogustometry in burning mouth syndrome: a case-control study. Oral Dis. 2017;23:395–402. [DOI] [PubMed]

44.

Ghalwash D, Abou-Bakr A, Abd El Wahed S. Comorbidity of hypertension and chronic renal failure and their impact on oral complications: A cross-sectional study. IJCBS. 2023;24:240–7.

45.

Alhendi F, Ko E, Graham L, Corby P. The association of sleep disturbances with burning mouth syndrome: An overlooked relationship-A qualitative systematic review. Oral Dis. 2023;29:6–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

46.

Taiminen T, Kuusalo L, Lehtinen L, Forssell H, Hagelberg N, Tenovuo O, et al. Psychiatric (axis I) and personality (axis II) disorders in patients with burning mouth syndrome or atypical facial pain. Scand J Pain. 2011;2:155–60. [DOI] [PubMed]