Exploration of Medicine

Table 1. Structure-factor stimuli of pathogen-inducing NETs. Depending on the stimulus, neutrophils can become either suicidal (terminal) or vital “zombie” neutrophils

Group	Species
Bacteria	Shigella flexneri [47], Escherichia coli [51], Streptococcus pyogenes [52], Streptococcus pneumonia [53], and Staphylococcus aureus [49, 54, 55].
Viruses	HIV-1 [56], influenza [57], feline leukemia virus [58], and rabbit poxvirus (MYXV) [59].
Fungi	Candida albicans [60], Aspergillus fumigatus [61], and Aspergillus nidulans [62].
Parasite	Leishmania spp. [63], Plasmodium falciparum [64].
Chemicals	Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) [47], hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) [54], antibodies [61], antigen-antibody complexes [65], microbial components [66], lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [67], M1 protein from Streptococcus pyogenes [68], lipophosphoglycans from Leishmania amazonensis [63], toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activated platelets [69], and macrophage-1 (MAC1) integrin receptors [69].

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Declarations

Author contributions

MY: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. CCY and MA: Validation, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. MHN: Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was funded by the Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Research Centre Grant [UniSZA/2020/LABMAT/03] to support research projects in the Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology (CeRIDB) at the Faculty of Medicine. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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