Table Info

Table 4.

Independent samples t-test for the differences in medication adherence

Variable	Categories	N	Mean	SD	t-value	P-value
Gender	Female	129	30.51	3.29	1.629	0.03^*
Gender	Male	117	29.24	2.41	1.629	0.03^*
Living situation	With a family	231	21.78	2.14	0.189	0.53
Living situation	Alone	15	29.56	4.72	0.189	0.53
Living area	Islamabad	155	29.35	3.29	−0.201	0.61
Living area	Rawalpindi	91	20.10	3.43	−0.201	0.61
Currently working	Yes	194	31.51	2.37	2.51	0.35
Currently working	No	52	29.44	3.21	2.51	0.35

^* P-value significant level < 0.05. N: number; SD: standard deviation

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge all patients who had consented to participate in this project.

Author contributions

SA and SK: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. MN: Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing—original draft. AJM, MSA, and UR: Investigation, Writing—original draft. EA: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—original draft. AS: Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The research was deemed low-risk, reviewed, and approved by the Institutional Ethical Review Board of Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, with protocol approval number PHM/2023-224.

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Informed consent to publication was obtained from relevant participants.

Availability of data and materials

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:e127–248. [DOI] [PubMed]

Xu J, Branscheidt M, Schambra H, Steiner L, Widmer M, Diedrichsen J, et al.; SMARTS Study Group. Rethinking interhemispheric imbalance as a target for stroke neurorehabilitation. Ann Neurol. 2019;85:502–13. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Ferreira PD Jr, Simoes JA Sr, Velho DC Sr. Adherence to Antihypertensive Therapy and Its Determinants: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2024;16:e59532. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Jafar TH, Jehan I, De Silva HA, Naheed A, Gandhi M, Assam P, et al. Multicomponent intervention versus usual care for management of hypertension in rural Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2017;18:272. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Hussain M, Awan FR, Gujjar A, Hafeez S, Islam M. A case control association study of ACE gene polymorphism (I/D) with hypertension in Punjabi population from Faisalabad, Pakistan. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2018;40:186–91. [DOI] [PubMed]

Machaalani M, Seifeddine H, Ali A, Bitar H, Briman O, Chahine MN. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Hypertension Among Hypertensive Patients Residing in Lebanon. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2022;18:541–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Hugtenburg JG, Timmers L, Elders PJ, Vervloet M, van Dijk L. Definitions, variants, and causes of nonadherence with medication: a challenge for tailored interventions. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2013;7:675–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Vrijens B, De Geest S, Hughes DA, Przemyslaw K, Demonceau J, Ruppar T, et al. A new taxonomy for describing and defining adherence to medications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;73:691–705. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Naqvi AA, Hassali MA, Rizvi M, Zehra A, Iffat W, Haseeb A, et al. Development and validation of a novel General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) for chronic illness patients in Pakistan. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:1124. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

10.

Piña IL, Di Palo KE, Brown MT, Choudhry NK, Cvengros J, Whalen D, et al. Medication adherence: Importance, issues and policy: A policy statement from the American Heart Association. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;64:111–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

11.

Alhabib MY, Alhazmi TS, Alsaad SM, AlQahtani AS, Alnafisah AA. Medication Adherence Among Geriatric Patients with Chronic Diseases in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2022;16:2021–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

12.

Shruthi R, Jyothi R, Pundarikaksha HP, Nagesh GN, Tushar TJ. A Study of Medication Compliance in Geriatric Patients with Chronic Illnesses at a Tertiary Care Hospital. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:FC40–3. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

Mahmood S, Jalal Z, Hadi MA, Orooj H, Shah KU. Non-Adherence to Prescribed Antihypertensives in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Healthcare Settings in Islamabad, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2020;14:73–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

14.

Gast A, Mathes T. Medication adherence influencing factors—an (updated) overview of systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2019;8:112. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

15.

Bergland OU, Halvorsen LV, Søraas CL, Hjørnholm U, Kjær VN, Rognstad S, et al. Detection of Nonadherence to Antihypertensive Treatment by Measurements of Serum Drug Concentrations. Hypertension. 2021;78:617–28. [DOI] [PubMed]

16.

Chin SS, Lau SW, Lim PL, Wong CM, Ujang N. Medication adherence, its associated factors and implication on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study in a Malaysian primary care clinic. Malays Fam Physician. 2023;18:14. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

17.

Saha SK, Adhikary A, Jha A, Mehta VK. Use of Interventions to Overcome Medication Non-Adherence. International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management. IJABIM. 2021;12:289–318. [DOI]