Table Info

Table 1.

The role of ncRNAs in the regulation of autophagy in diabetic vascular diseases

ncRNAs	Expression	Autophagy related genes	Autophagy	Result	Refs
miR-32	Up	ATG5, Beclin1, p62	Inhibition	Promoting arterial calcification in T2DM mice	[35]
miR-199a-3p	Down	LC3B-II	Inhibition	Decreasing proliferation and migration of HUVECs	[36]
miR-130a	Down	Beclin1	Promotion	Inducing inflammation and apoptosis of EPCs	[37]
circMKLN1	Up	LC3B-II, Beclin1, p62	Promotion	Inducing retinal microvascular leakage in diabetic mice	[38]
circADAM9	Up	LC3-II/LC3-I, p62, ATG7	Promotion	Inducing proliferation and migration of EPCs	[39]
lncRNA TUG1	Down	LC3-II/LC3-I	Inhibition	Decreasing EPCs migration, invasion, and tube formation	[41]
lncRNA LYPLAL1-DT	Down	SIRT1, LC3-II/LC3-I	Promotion	Triggering inflammation and apoptosis	[42]
lncRNA THRIL	Up	ATG4D, LC3-II/LC3-I, Beclin1	Promotion	Inducing proliferation and migration of RMECs	[43]

ATG4D: autophagy-related gene 4D; EPCs: endothelial progenitor cells; HUVECs: human umbilical vein endothelial cells; LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; RMECs: retina microvascular endothelial cells

Declarations

Author contributions

YA: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. JR: Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

No original data were involved in this work.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Cole JB, Florez JC. Genetics of diabetes mellitus and diabetes complications. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16:377–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Li Y, Liu Y, Liu S, Gao M, Wang W, Chen K, et al. Diabetic vascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8:152. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Canto ED, Ceriello A, Rydén L, Ferrini M, Hansen TB, Schnell O, et al. Diabetes as a cardiovascular risk factor: An overview of global trends of macro and micro vascular complications. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26:25–32. [DOI] [PubMed]

Glick D, Barth S, Macleod KF. Autophagy: cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Pathol. 2010;221:3–12. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Liu S, Yao S, Yang H, Liu S, Wang Y. Autophagy: Regulator of cell death. Cell Death Dis. 2023;14:648. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Ajoolabady A, Chiong M, Lavandero S, Klionsky DJ, Ren J. Mitophagy in cardiovascular diseases: molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis, and treatment. Trends Mol Med. 2022;28:836–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Pedro JMB, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Autophagy and Mitophagy in Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res. 2017;120:1812–24. [DOI] [PubMed]

Kitada M, Koya D. Autophagy in metabolic disease and ageing. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17:647–61. [DOI] [PubMed]

Wu L, Wang L, Du Y, Zhang Y, Ren J. Mitochondrial quality control mechanisms as therapeutic targets in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2023;44:34–49. [DOI] [PubMed]

10.

Zhao X, Bie L, Pang D, Li X, Yang L, Chen D, et al. The role of autophagy in the treatment of type II diabetes and its complications: a review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1228045. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

11.

Ajoolabady A, Bi Y, McClements DJ, Lip GYH, Richardson DR, Reiter RJ, et al. Melatonin-based therapeutics for atherosclerotic lesions and beyond: Focusing on macrophage mitophagy. Pharmacol Res. 2022;176:106072. [DOI] [PubMed]

12.

Faruk MO, Ichimura Y, Komatsu M. Selective autophagy. Cancer Sci. 2021;112:3972–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

Wang L, O’Kane AM, Zhang Y, Ren J. Maternal obesity and offspring health: Adapting metabolic changes through autophagy and mitophagy. Obes Rev. 2023;24:e13567. [DOI] [PubMed]

14.

Mao Y, Ren J, Yang L. FUN14 Domain Containing 1 (FUNDC1): A Promising Mitophagy Receptor Regulating Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:887045. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

15.

Zhu Y, Ji J, Yang R, Han X, Sun X, Ma W, et al. Lactate accelerates calcification in VSMCs through suppression of BNIP3-mediated mitophagy. Cell Signal. 2019;58:53–64. [DOI] [PubMed]

16.

Jin H, Zhu Y, Li Y, Ding X, Ma W, Han X, et al. BDNF-mediated mitophagy alleviates high-glucose-induced brain microvascular endothelial cell injury. Apoptosis. 2019;24:511–28. [DOI] [PubMed]

17.

Niu C, Chen Z, Kim KT, Sun J, Xue M, Chen G, et al. Metformin alleviates hyperglycemia-induced endothelial impairment by downregulating autophagy via the Hedgehog pathway. Autophagy. 2019;15:843–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

18.

Cai C, Guo Z, Chang X, Li Z, Wu F, He J, et al. Empagliflozin attenuates cardiac microvascular ischemia/reperfusion through activating the AMPKα1/ULK1/FUNDC1/mitophagy pathway. Redox Biol. 2022;52:102288. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

19.

Chen Y, Huang J, Zhou H, Lin J, Tao J. Pgam5 aggravates hyperglycemia-induced myocardial dysfunction through disrupting Phb2-dependent mitochondrial dynamics. Int J Med Sci. 2024;21:1194–203. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

20.

Wu S, Lu Q, Ding Y, Wu Y, Qiu Y, Wang P, et al. Hyperglycemia-Driven Inhibition of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase α2 Induces Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Promoting Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes In Vivo. Circulation. 2019;139:1913–36. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

21.

Yang J, Liu Z. Mechanistic Pathogenesis of Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Nephropathy and Retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:816400. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

22.

Serikbaeva A, Li Y, Ganesh B, Zelkha R, Kazlauskas A. Hyperglycemia Promotes Mitophagy and Thereby Mitigates Hyperglycemia-Induced Damage. Am J Pathol. 2022;192:1779–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

23.

Shi M, Dong Z, Zhao K, He X, Sun Y, Ren J, et al. Novel insights into exhaustive exercise-induced myocardial injury: Focusing on mitochondrial quality control. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:1015639. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

24.

Zhang M, Zhu L, Bao X, Xie T, Cai J, Zou J, et al. Inhibition of Drp1 ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by regulating mitochondrial homeostasis. Exp Eye Res. 2022;220:109095. [DOI] [PubMed]

25.

Zhang M, Zhu L, Zheng X, Xie T, Wang W, Zou J, et al. TGR5 Activation Ameliorates Mitochondrial Homeostasis via Regulating the PKCδ/Drp1-HK2 Signaling in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022;9:759421. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

26.

Xi J, Rong Y, Zhao Z, Huang Y, Wang P, Luan H, et al. Scutellarin ameliorates high glucose-induced vascular endothelial cells injury by activating PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;271:113855. [DOI] [PubMed]

27.

Xiang J, Zhang C, Di T, Chen L, Zhao W, Wei L, et al. Salvianolic acid B alleviates diabetic endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction by down-regulating apoptosis and mitophagy of endothelial cells. Bioengineered. 2022;13:3486–502. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

28.

Kowluru RA, Mohammad G. Epigenetic modifications in diabetes. Metabolism. 2022;126:154920. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

29.

Sonthalia M, Roy BS, Chandrawanshi D, Ganesh GV, Jayasuriya R, Mohandas S, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors as antidiabetic agents: Advances and opportunities. Eur J Pharmacol. 2022;935:175328. [DOI] [PubMed]

30.

Zhao Y, Jia X, Yang X, Bai X, Lu Y, Zhu L, et al. Deacetylation of Caveolin-1 by Sirt6 induces autophagy and retards high glucose-stimulated LDL transcytosis and atherosclerosis formation. Metabolism. 2022;131:155162. [DOI] [PubMed]

31.

Ghorbani A. Mechanisms of antidiabetic effects of flavonoid rutin. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;96:305–12. [DOI] [PubMed]

32.

Dong R, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhao T, Sun Z, Liu P, et al. Rutin alleviates EndMT by restoring autophagy through inhibiting HDAC1 via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in diabetic kidney disease. Phytomedicine. 2023;112:154700. [DOI] [PubMed]

33.

Cai X, She M, Xu M, Chen H, Li J, Chen X, et al. GLP-1 treatment protects endothelial cells from oxidative stress-induced autophagy and endothelial dysfunction. Int J Biol Sci. 2018;14:1696–708. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

34.

Pu M, Chen J, Tao Z, Miao L, Qi X, Wang Y, et al. Regulatory network of miRNA on its target: coordination between transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019;76:441–51. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

35.

Cao J, Chen C, Chen Q, Gao Y, Zhao Z, Yuan Q, et al. Extracellular vesicle miR-32 derived from macrophage promotes arterial calcification in mice with type 2 diabetes via inhibiting VSMC autophagy. J Transl Med. 2022;20:307. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

36.

Wang H, Wang Z, Tang Q. Reduced expression of microRNA-199a-3p is associated with vascular endothelial cell injury induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Ther Med. 2018;16:3639–45. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

37.

Xu Q, Meng S, Liu B, Li M, Li Y, Fang L, et al. MicroRNA-130a regulates autophagy of endothelial progenitor cells through Runx3. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014;41:351–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

38.

Yang J, Tan C, Wang Y, Zong T, Xie T, Yang Q, et al. The circRNA MKLN1 regulates autophagy in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2023;1869:166839. [DOI] [PubMed]

39.

Tian D, Xiang Y, Tang Y, Ge Z, Li Q, Zhang Y. Circ-ADAM9 targeting PTEN and ATG7 promotes autophagy and apoptosis of diabetic endothelial progenitor cells by sponging mir-20a-5p. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11:526. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

40.

Herman AB, Tsitsipatis D, Gorospe M. Integrated lncRNA function upon genomic and epigenomic regulation. Mol Cell. 2022;82:2252–66. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

41.

Li Y, Zhi K, Han S, Li X, Li M, Lian W, et al. TUG1 enhances high glucose-impaired endothelial progenitor cell function via miR-29c-3p/PDGF-BB/Wnt signaling. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;11:441. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

42.

Zhu X, Liu Y, Cui J, Lv J, Li C, Lu J, et al. LncRNA LYPLAL1-DT screening from type 2 diabetes with macrovascular complication contributes protective effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells via regulating the miR-204-5p/SIRT1 axis. Cell Death Discov. 2022;8:245. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

43.

Ji Q, Han J, Liu J, Lv H, Wang L, Dong Y, et al. LncRNA THRIL promotes high glucose-induced proliferation and migration of human retina microvascular endothelial cells through enhancing autophagy. Acta Diabetol. 2022;59:369–80. [DOI] [PubMed]

44.

Liu H, Yao Q, Wang X, Xie H, Yang C, Gao H, et al. The research progress of crosstalk mechanism of autophagy and apoptosis in diabetic vascular endothelial injury. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;170:116072. [DOI] [PubMed]

45.

Stratmann B. Dicarbonyl Stress in Diabetic Vascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:6186. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

46.

Zhang X, Rodriguez-Niño A, Pastene DO, Pallavi P, van den Born J, Bakker SJL, et al. Methylglyoxal induces p53 activation and inhibits mTORC1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Sci Rep. 2021;11:8004. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

47.

Lee JH, Parveen A, Do MH, Kang MC, Yumnam S, Kim SY. Molecular mechanisms of methylglyoxal-induced aortic endothelial dysfunction in human vascular endothelial cells. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11:403. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

48.

Chang X, Xiao F, Pan Q, Wang X, Guo L. Sitagliptin attenuates endothelial dysfunction independent of its blood glucose controlling effect. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2021;25:425–37. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

49.

Liu Y, Xiang H, Xiong W, Ouyang J, Liu H, Zhao S, et al. Glucolipotoxicity induces endothelial cell dysfunction by activating autophagy and inhibiting autophagic flow. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2022;19:14791641221102513. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

50.

Wang Y, Rijal B, Xu M, Li Z, An Y, Zhang F, et al. Renal denervation improves vascular endothelial dysfunction by inducing autophagy via AMPK/mTOR signaling activation in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin resistance. Acta Diabetol. 2020;57:1227–43. [DOI] [PubMed]

51.

Lin J, Zhang L, Zhang M, Hu J, Wang T, Duan Y, et al. Mst1 inhibits CMECs autophagy and participates in the development of diabetic coronary microvascular dysfunction. Sci Rep. 2016;6:34199. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

52.

Li R, Chen L, Yao G, Yan H, Wang L. Effects of quercetin on diabetic retinopathy and its association with NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy. Int J Ophthalmol. 2021;14:42–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

53.

Lian D, Liu J, Han R, Jin J, Zhu L, Zhang Y, et al. Kakonein restores diabetes-induced endothelial junction dysfunction via promoting autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome degradation. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25:7169–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

54.

Yu J, Ke L, Zhou J, Ding C, Yang H, Yan D, et al. Stachydrine Relieved the Inflammation and Promoted the Autophagy in Diabetes Retinopathy Through Activating the AMPK/SIRT1 Signaling Pathway. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023;16:2593–604. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

55.

Sun X, Zheng Y, Xie L, Zhou Y, Liu R, Ma Y, et al. Autophagy reduces aortic calcification in diabetic mice by reducing matrix vesicle body-mediated IL-1β release. Exp Cell Res. 2023;432:113803. [DOI] [PubMed]

56.

Fan W, Han D, Sun Z, Ma S, Gao L, Chen J, et al. Endothelial deletion of mTORC1 protects against hindlimb ischemia in diabetic mice via activation of autophagy, attenuation of oxidative stress and alleviation of inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017;108:725–40. [DOI] [PubMed]