Potential therapeutic approaches targeting hyperuricemia (HUA) for the management of epiretinal pathologies
| Therapeutic approach | Mechanism of action | Potential benefits | Relevant studies |
|---|---|---|---|
| Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., allopurinol) | Reduces uric acid production by inhibiting xanthine oxidase | Decrease in serum uric acid levels, potential reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation associated with epiretinal pathologies | Xia et al. [66], 2020Silvani et al. [67], 2020 |
| Uric acid lowering agents (e.g., febuxostat) | Inhibits xanthine oxidase enzyme, leading to reduced uric acid synthesis | Lowering of serum uric acid levels, improvement in retinal microvascular health | Pai et al. [8], 2022Zhang et al. [68], 2023 |
| Antioxidant supplements (e.g., vitamin C, carnosine) | Neutralizes free radicals and reduces oxidative stress | Potential reduction in oxidative damage to retinal cells and tissues | Catalani et al. [69], 2021de Almeida Torres et al. [61], 2023 |
| Anti-inflammatory agents [e.g., NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome inhibitors] | Suppresses inflammatory pathways involving the NLRP3 inflammasome | Potential reduction in inflammation-related retinal damage | Lin et al. [70], 2024 |
| Nutritional interventions (e.g., low-purine diet) | Reduces dietary intake of purines, which are metabolized into uric acid | Lower serum uric acid levels, potentially less oxidative stress on retinal cells | Bian et al. [62], 2024Rivera-De-la-Parra et al. [65], 2024 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors | Lowers blood pressure and may have uric acid-lowering effects | Improvement in retinal blood flow and reduction in hypertensive damage to retinal vessels | Huang et al. [71], 2022Yang et al. [72], 2021 |
| Lifestyle modifications (e.g., increased physical activity) | Enhances uric acid excretion and improves overall cardiovascular health | Lower serum uric acid levels, improved retinal vascular health | Geng et al. [20], 2023Engin et al. [73], 2023 |
HUA, characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood, has been implicated in various epiretinal pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and epiretinal membranes. Managing HUA could potentially mitigate these conditions by addressing the underlying metabolic and inflammatory processes. The table summarizes potential therapeutic approaches targeting HUA for the management of epiretinal pathologies, based on recent research findings. These approaches include pharmacological interventions, lifestyle modifications, and dietary supplements, each with specific mechanisms of action and potential benefits in ocular health
