Table Info

Table 3.

The studies on alcohol’s effects on liver

Author, year	Study design	Number of patients	Alcohol amount and duration	Conclusion
Roerecke et al, 2019 [19]	Systematic review and meta-analysis	2.5 million participants, 5,500 cirrhosis	> 1 drinks/day for women; ≥ 5 drinks/day for men	The risk increased beyond consumption of one drink or more per day. However, risks varied widely and the analysis of case-control studies showed no risk increase for consumption of 1–4 drinks/day
Simpson et al, 2019 [30]	Prospective cohort study	401,806 middle-aged female	≥ 15 drinks/week (mean 220 g alcohol)	Cirrhosis incidence increases with total alcohol intake, even at moderate levels of consumption
Sinn et al, 2022 [43]	Nationwide cohort study	367,612 patients without liver disease	< 40 g/day for women, < 60 g/day for men	Small amounts of alcohol intake were associated with increased liver-related and all-cause mortality among individuals with elevated ALT levels
Mitchell et al, 2018 [44]	Case-control	187 biopsy-proven NAFLD	< 70 g/week	Modest (1–70 g/week) alcohol consumption, particularly wine in a non-binge pattern, is associated with lower fibrosis in patients with NAFLD
Ferri et al, 2022 [45]	Case-control	276 patients with NAFLD (alcohol consumption up to 140 g/week for women; 210 g/week for men)	< 70 g/week	Very low alcohol usage is associated with a lower prevelance of cirrhosis and HCC in patients with NAFLD
Llamosas-Falcón et al, 2024 [46]	Systematic review and meta-analysis	5 million participants, 15,150 liver cirrhosis	> 25 g/day	Alcohol consumption over 25 g/day is associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates in liver cirrhosis. Additionally, this relation is positively correlated with alcohol amount per day
Åberg et al, 2020 [47]	Follow-up cohort	8,345 patients with hepatic steatosis	10–19 g/day	Doubled the risk for advanced liver disease compared to lifetime abstainers. 0–9 g/day intake is associated with 21% all-cause mortality risk reduction
Zhu et al, 2024 [33]	Retrospective cohort	2,630 patients with MAFLD	≥ 8 drinks/week for women and ≥ 15 drinks/week for men	Higher weekly alcohol consumption was significantly associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. > 2 drinks/week is associated with all-cause mortality
Israelsen et al, 2024 [34]	Prospective cohort	446 patients with excessive alcohol intake	> 24 g/day for women and > 36 g/day for men	The risk of decompensation increased in a stepwise manner from MASLD, through Met ALD, to ALD

ALD: alcoholic liver disease; ALT: alanine transaminase; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; MAFLD: metabolic-associated fatty liver disease; MASLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MetALD: metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related liver disease; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

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MO: Writing—review & editing. AT: Writing—review & editing, Supervision. MEK: Conceptualization, Investigation. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

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