Table Info

Table 2.

Gut microbiota-derived metabolite regulation of MASLD

Metabolites	Gut microbes	Functions
Branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine)	Bifidobacterium, Clostridium sporogenes, Prevotella copri, Phocaeicola vulgatus	Increase mitochondrial lipid oxidation Increase hepatic insulin resistance Stimulate hepatic lipogenesis
Short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate)	Bifidobacterium, Bacteroidetes, Campylobacter jejuni, Coprococcus, Clostridium, Roseburia, Staphylococcus aureus, Faecalibacterium	Improve glucose homeostasis Regulate hepatic steatosis through GPRs Epigenetic modification to improve hepatic steatosis
Choline metabolites (choline, trimethylamine, trimethylamine N-oxide)	Bifidobacterium, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Proteobacteria	Increase hepatic oxidative stress Reduce bile acid production Dysregulate hepatocyte lipid metabolism
Bile acid metabolites (cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid)	Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, Bacteroides, Clostridium	Inhibit hepatic oxidative stress Promote insulin sensitivity Improve hepatic steatosis

GPR: G-protein-coupled receptors; MASLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Declarations

Author contributions

AV: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. BLR: Writing—review & editing. KH: Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. ARVS, MS, and SD: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. DAJ: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

All authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

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Funding

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Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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