Table Info

Table 2.

Prevalence of silent CAD among diabetic subjects, observed in major studies

Author (ref.), publication year	Number of subjects	Type of diabetes	Prevalence of silent CAD (%)	Method
Wackers et al. [11], 2004	522	T2DM	22	Abnormal SPECT
Anand et al. [47], 2006	510	T2DM	46.3	Significant CAC
Lièvre et al. [51], 2011	316	T2DM	21.5	Exercise test or dipyridamole SPECT positive or uncertain
Davis et al. [33], 2013	1,967	T2DM	16.6	ECG evidence of SMI
Zellweger et al. [50], 2014	400	T2DM	22	Abnormal MPS
Muhlestein et al. [52], 2014	395	T1DM T2DM	10.7 severe stenosis 11.9 moderate stenosis 46.1 mild stenosis	Abnormal coronary computed tomography angiography
Turrini et al. [37], 2015	262	T2DM	7.6	Silent CAD at exercise test
Zhu et al. [55], 2019	614	T2DM	21.3	Abnormal SPECT

Declarations

Author contributions

The author contributed solely to the paper.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that she has no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Center of disease control and prevention mortality database. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov

Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Srinivasan M, Lin J, Geiss LS, Albright AL, et al. Trends in a cause-specific mortality among adults with and without diagnose diabetes in the USA: an epidemiological analysis of linked national survey and vital statistics. Lancet. 2018;391:2430–40. [DOI] [PubMed]

Xu J, Zou MH. Molecular insights and therapeutic targets for diabetic endothelial dysfunction. Circulation. 2009;120:1266–86. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Nguyen MT, Pham I, Valensi P, Rousseau H, Vicaut E, Laguillier-Morizot C, et al. Flow-mediated-paradoxical vasoconstriction is independently associated with asymptomatic myocardial ischemia and coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014;13:20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Rosen SD, Paulesu E, Nihoyannopoulos P, Tousoulis D, Frackowiak RSJ, Frith CD, et al. Silent ischemia as a central problem: regional brain activation compared in silent and painful myocardial ischemia. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:939–49. [DOI] [PubMed]

Langer A, Freeman MR, Josse RG, Armstrong PW. Metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging in diabetes mellitus: assessment of cardiac sympathetic denervation and its relation to autonomic dysfunction and silent myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:610–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

Mazzone A, Cusa C, Mazzucchelli I, Vezzoli M, Ottini E, Pacifici R, et al. Increased production of inflammatory cytokines in patients with silent myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1895–901. [DOI] [PubMed]

Milan Study on Atherosclerosis and Diabetes Group. Prevalence of unrecognized silent myocardial ischemia and its association with atherosclerotic factors in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79:134–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

Langer A, Freeman MR, Josse RG, Steiner G, Armstrong P. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67:1073–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

10.

Lee K, Jang H, Kim Y, Lee EJ, Choe YS, Choi Y, et al. Prognostic value of cardiac autonomic neuropathy independent and incremental to perfusion defects in patients with diabetes and suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:1458–61. [DOI] [PubMed]

11.

Wackers FJ, Young LH, Inzucchi SE, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, et al. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic subjects: the DIAD study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1954–61. [DOI] [PubMed]

12.

Cohn PF. Silent myocardial ischemia. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109:312–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

13.

Cohn PF, Fox KM, Daly C. Silent myocardial ischemia. Circulation. 2003;108:1263–77. [DOI] [PubMed]

14.

Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al. ; Executive group on behalf of the joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/World Heart Federation (WHF) task force for the universal definition of myocardial infarction. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2018;138:e618–51. [DOI] [PubMed]

15.

Pride YB, Piccirillo BJ, Gibson CM. Prevalence, consequences, and implications for clinical trials of unrecognized myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111:914–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

16.

Svane J, Pedersen-Bjerggard U, Tfelt-Hansen J. Diabetes and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020;22:112. [DOI] [PubMed]

17.

Scirica BM. Prevalence, incidence, and implications of silent myocardial infarctions in patients with diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2013;127:965–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

18.

Valensi P, Lorgis L, Cottin Y. Prevalence, incidence, predictive factors and prognosis of silent myocardial infarction: a review of the literature. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;104:178–88. [DOI] [PubMed]

19.

Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V, et al.; ESC scientific document group. 2019 ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:255–323. [DOI] [PubMed]

20.

Bax JJ, Young LH, Frye RL, Bonow RO, Steinberg HO, Barrett EJ, et al. Screening for coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2729–36. [DOI] [PubMed]

21.

American Diabetes Association. Position statements. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: standards of medical care in diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43 Suppl 1:S111–34. [DOI] [PubMed]

22.

Pell S, D’Alonzo CA. Factors associated with long-term survival of diabetics. JAMA. 1970;214:1833–40. [PubMed]

23.

Kannel WB. McGee L. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study. JAMA. 1979;241:2035–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

24.

Herman JB, Medalic JH, Goldbourt U. Differences in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality between previously known and newly diagnosed adult diabetics. Diabetologia. 1977;13:229–34. [DOI] [PubMed]

25.

Nesto RW, Watson FS, Kowalchuk GJ, Zarich SW, Hill T, Lewis SM, et al. Silent myocardial ischemia and infarction in diabetics with peripheral vascular disease: assessment by dipyridamole thallium-201 scintigraphy. Am Heart J. 1990;120:1073–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

26.

Janand-Delenne B, Savin B, Habib G, Bory M, Vague P, Lassmann-Vague V. Silent myocardial ischemia in patients with diabetes: who to screen. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1396–400. [DOI] [PubMed]

27.

Inoguchi T, Yamashita T, Umeda F, Mihara H, Nakagaki O, Takada K, et al. High incidence of silent myocardial ischemia in elderly patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2000;47:37–44. [DOI] [PubMed]

28.

Falcone C, Nespoli L, Geroldi D, Gazzaruso C, Buzzi MP, Auguadro C, et al. Silent myocardial ischemia in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol. 2003;90:219–27. [DOI] [PubMed]

29.

Araz M, Celen Z, Akdemir I, Okan V. Frequency of silent myocardial ischemia in type 2 diabetic patients and the relation with poor glycemic control. Acta Diabetol. 2004;41:38–43. [DOI] [PubMed]

30.

Margolis JR, Kannel WS, Feinleib M, Dawber TR, McNamara PM. Clinical features of unrecognized myocardial infarction-silent and symptomatic. Eighteenyear follow-up: the Framingham study. Am J Cardiol. 1973;32:1–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

31.

Kannel WB, Abbott RD. Incidence and prognosis of unrecognized myocardial infarction. An update on the Framingham study. N Engl J Med 1984;311:1144–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

32.

Kannel WB, Cupples LA, Gagnon DR. Incidence, precursors and prognosis of unrecognized myocardial infarction. Adv Cardiol. 1990;37:202–14. [DOI] [PubMed]

33.

Davis TME, Coleman RL, Holman RR; UKPDS Group. Prognostic significance of silent myocardial infarction in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) 79. Circulation. 2013;127:980–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

34.

Sheifer SE, Manollo TA, Gersh BJ. Unrecognized myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:801–11. [DOI] [PubMed]

35.

Bax JJ, Bonow RO, Tschöpe D, Inzucchi SE, Barret E; Global Dialogue Group for the Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Diabetes. The potential of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for risk stratification of asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:754–60. [DOI] [PubMed]

36.

Miller TD, Rajagopalan N, Hodge DO, Frye RL, Gibbons RJ. Yield of stress single-photon emission computed tomography in asymptomatic patients with diabetes. Am Heart J. 2004;147:890–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

37.

Turrini F, Scarlini S, Mannucci C, Messora R, Giovanardi P, Magnavacchi P, et al. Does coronary atherosclerosis deserve to be diagnosed early in diabetic patients? The DADDY-D trial. screening diabetic patients for unknown coronary disease. Eur J Intern Med. 2015;26:407–13. [DOI] [PubMed]

38.

Marwick TH, Case C, Sawada S, Vasey C, Short L, Lauer M. Use of stress echocardiography to predict mortality in patients with diabetes and known or suspected coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1042–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

39.

Rajagopalan N, Miller TD, Hodge DO, Frye RL, Gibbons RJ. Identifying high-risk asymptomatic diabetic patients who are candidates for screening stress single-photon emission computed tomography imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:43–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

40.

Faglia E, Mantero M, Quarantiello A, Gino M, Curci V, Caminiti M, et al. Risk reduction of cardiac events by screening of unknown asymptomatic coronary artery disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus at high cardiovascular risk: an open-label randomized pilot study. Am Heart J. 2005;149:e1–6. [DOI]

41.

Budoff MJ, Raggi P, Beller GA, Berman DS, Druz RS, Malik S, et al. Noninvasive cardiovascular risk assessment of the asymptomatic diabetic patient: the imaging council of the american college of cardiology. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:176–92. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

42.

Fox CS, Golden SH, Anderson C., Bray GA, Burke LE, de Boer IH, et al. Update on prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in light of recent evidence: a scientific statement from the american heart association and the american diabetes association. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:1777–803. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

43.

Cosson E, Paycha F, Paries J, Cattan S, Ramadan A, Meddah D, et al. Detecting silent coronary stenoses andstratifying cardiac risk in patients with diabetes: ECG stress test or exercise myocardial scintigraphy? Diabet Med. 2004;21:342–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

44.

Wackers FJT, Chyun DA, Young LH, Heller GV, Iskandrian AE, Davey JA, et al. Resolution of asymptomatic myocardial ischemia in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics (DIAD) study. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2892–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

45.

Sultan A, Perriard F, Macioce V, Mariano-Goulart D, Boegner C, Daures JP, et al. Evolution of silent myocardial ischaemia prevalence and cardiovascular disease risk factor management in type 2 diabetes over a 10-year period: an observational study. Diabet Med. 2017;34:1244–51. [DOI] [PubMed]

46.

Zellweger MJ, Hachamovitch R, Kang X, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, Germano G, et al. Prognostic relevance of symptoms versus objective evidence of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:543–50. [DOI] [PubMed]

47.

Anand DV, Lim E, Hopkins D, Corder R, Shaw LJ, Sharp P, et al. Risk stratification in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes: prospective evaluation of the combined use of coronary artery calcium imaging and selective myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:713–21. [DOI] [PubMed]

48.

DeLuca AJ, Kaplan S, Aronow WS, Sandhu R, Butt A, Akoybyan A, et al. Comparison of prevalence of unrecognized myocardial Infarction and of silent myocardial ischemia detected by a treadmill exercise sestamibi stress test in patients with versus without diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:1045–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

49.

Zhang L, Li H, Zhang S, Jaacks LM, Li Y, Ji L. Silent myocardial ischemia detected by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and risk of cardiac events among asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2014;28:413–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

50.

Zellweger MJ, Maraun M, Osterhues HH, Keller U, Müller-Brand J, Jeger R, et al. Progression to overt or silent CAD in asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus at high coronary risk: main findings of the prospective multicenter BARDOT trial with a pilot randomized treatment substudy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7:1001–10. [DOI] [PubMed]

51.

Lièvre MM, Moulin P, Thivolet C, Rodier M, Rigalleau V, Penfornis A, et al.; the DYNAMIT investigators. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic patients with diabetes: results of a randomized trial and meta-analysis assessing the effectiveness of systematic screening. Trials. 2011;12:23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

52.

Muhlestein JB, Lappe DL, Lima JA, Rosen BD, May HT, Knight S, et al. Effect of screening for coronary artery disease using CT angiography on mortality and cardiac events in high-risk patients with diabetes: the FACTOR-64 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:2234–43. [DOI] [PubMed]

53.

Il progetto cuore: calcolo del punteggio individuale. Available from: http://www.cuore.iss.it/valutazione/carte

54.

Blanchet Deverly A, Amaraa M, Larifla L, Velayoudom-Céphise FL, Roques F, Kangambega P, et al. Silent myocardial ischaemia and risk factors in a diabetic Afro-Caribbean population. Diabet Metab. 2011;37:533–9. [DOI]

55.

Zhu XR, Zhang HR, Li M, Zhou Z, Liu W, Lu J, et al. Risk of silent myocardial ischemia detected by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) among asymptomatic Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Medicine. 2019;98:e15618. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

56.

Ng MY, Zhou W, Vardhanabhuti V, Lee CH, Yu EYT, Wan EYF, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance for asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular high risk (CATCH): a pilot study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19:42. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

57.

Prasad DS, Kabir Z, Revathi Devi K, Peter PS, Das BC. Prevalence and risk factors for silent myocardial ischemia (PRISM): a clinico observational study in patients of type 2 diabetes. Indian Heart Journal. 2019;71:400–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

58.

Deepti S, Roy A, Patel CD, Tandon N, Naik N, Singh S, et al. Assessment of asymptomatic ischemic heart disease using stress myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with type 2 diabetes Mellitus. Indian Heart J. 2018;70 Suppl 3:S157–60. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

59.

Al-Humaidi G, Sarikaya I, Elgazzar AH, Owunwanne A. Myocardial perfusion abnormalities in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients. J Saudi Heart Assoc. 2018;30:3–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

60.

Burgess DC, Hunt D, Li LP, Zannino D, Williamson W, Davis TME, et al. Incidence and predictors of silent myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetes and the effect of fenofibrate: an analysis from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:92–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

61.

Sigurdsson E, Thorgeirsson G, Sigvaldason H, Sigfusson N. Unrecognized myocardial infarction: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and the prognostic role of angina pectoris: the Reykjavik Study. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:96–102. [DOI] [PubMed]

62.

Kannel WB, Sorlie P, McNamara PM. Prognosis after initial myocardial infarction: the Framingham study. Am J Cardiol. 1979;44:53–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

63.

Choi EK, Koo BK, Kim HS, Cho YM, Kang HJ, Cho YS, et al. Prognostic significance of asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes and need for early revascularization therapy. Diabet Med. 2007;24:1003–11. [DOI] [PubMed]

64.

Davis TM, Fortun P, Mulder J, Davis WA, Bruce DG. Silent myocardial infarction and its prognosis in a community-based cohort of type 2 diabetic patients: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetologia. 2004;47:395–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

65.

Valensi P, Paries J, Brulport-Cerisier V, Torremocha F, Sachs R, Vanzetto G, et al. Predictive value of silent myocardial ischemia for cardiac events in diabetic patients: influence of age in a French multicenter study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2722–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

66.

Sejil S, Janand-Delenne B, Avierinos J, Habib G, Labastie N, Raccah D, et al. Six-year follow-up of a cohort of 203 patients with diabetes after screening for silent myocardial ischaemia. Diabet Med. 2006;23:1186–91. [DOI] [PubMed]

67.

Hamon M, Lemesle G, Meurice T, Tricot O, Lamblin N, Bauters C. Elective coronary revascularization in patients with stable coronary artery disease: incidence, determinants, and outcomes (from the CORONOR study). JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;11:868–75 [DOI] [PubMed]

68.

Valensi P, Meune C. Congestive heart failure caused by silent ischemia and silent myocardial infarction. Herz. 2019;44:210–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

69.

Kwong RY, Sattar H, Wu H, Vorobiof G, Gandla V, Steel K, et al. Incidence and prognostic implication of unrecognized myocardial scar characterized by cardiac magnetic resonance in diabetic patients without clinical evidence of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2008;118:1011–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

70.

Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Neil HAW, Livingstone SJ, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:685–96. [DOI] [PubMed]

71.

Ostergren J, Poulter NR, Sever PS, Dahloef B, Wedel H, Beevers G, et al. The anglo-scandinavian cardiac outcomes trial: blood pressure-lowering limb: effects in patients with type II diabetes. J Hypertens. 2008;26:2103–11. [DOI] [PubMed]

72.

Erdmann E, Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Massi Benedetti M, Moules IK, Skene AM; PROactive Investigators. The effect of pioglitazone on recurrent myocardial infarction in 2,445 patients with type 2 diabetes and previous myocardial infarction: results from the PROactive (PROactive 05) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1772–80. [DOI] [PubMed]

73.

Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, Erdmann E, Massi Benedetti M, Moules IK, et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitazone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1279–89. [DOI] [PubMed]

74.

Chaitman BR, Hardison RM, Adler D, Gebhart S, Grogan M, Ocampo S, et al. The Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes randomized trial of different treatment strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus with stable ischemic heart disease: impact of treatment strategy on cardiac mortality and myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2009;120:2529–40. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

75.

Frye RL, August P, Brooks MM, Hardison RM, Kelsey SF, MacGregor JM, et al.; Group BDS. A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronaryartery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2503–15. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

76.

Ogawa H, Nakayama M, Morimoto T, Uemura S, Kanauchi M, Doi N, et al. Low dose aspirin for primary prevention of atherosclerotic events in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300:2134–41. [DOI] [PubMed]

77.

McDonald MR, Petrie MC, Home PD, Komajda M, Jones NP, Beck-Nielsen H, et al. Incidence and prevalence of unrecognized myocardial infarction in people with diabetes: a substudy of the Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiac Outcomes and Regulation of Glycemia in Diabetes (RECORD) study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1394–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

78.

Aguilar D, Goldhaber SZ, Gans DJ, Levey AS, Porush JG, Lewis JB, et al. Clinically unrecognized Q-wave myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus, systemic hypertension, and nephropathy. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:337–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

79.

Soejima H, Ogawa H, Morimoto T, Okada S, Sakuma M, Nakayama M, et al.; JPAD Trial Investigators. One quarter of total myocardial infarctions are silent manifestation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cardiol. 2019;73:33–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

80.

Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, et al.; the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2117–28. [DOI] [PubMed]

81.

Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen C, Kristensen P, Mann JFE, Nauck MA, et al.; the LEADER Steering Committee on behalf of the LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:311–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

82.

Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, Jódar E, Leiter LA, et al.; SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1834–44. [DOI] [PubMed]

83.

Singleton MJ, German CA, Bertoni AG, Ambrosius WT, Bhave PD, Soliman EZ, et al. Association of silent myocardial infarction with major cardiovascular events in diabetes: the ACCORD trial. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:e45–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

84.

Sheifer SE, Gersh BJ, Yanez ND 3rd, Ades PA, Burke GL, Manolio TA. Prevalence, predisposing factors, and prognosis of clinically unrecognized myocardial infarction in the elderly. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:119–26. [DOI] [PubMed]

85.

Zhang ZM, Rautaharju PM, Prineas RJ, Rodriguez CJ, Loehr L, Rosamond WD, et al. Race and sex differences in the incidence and prognostic significance of silent myocardial infarction in the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation. 2016;133:2141–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

86.

Stiles MC, Seaquist ER, Yale JF, Greenc JB, Katzd LA, Kempainene S, et al. Is silent myocardial infarction more common in women with type 2 diabetes than in men? J Diabetes Complications. 2012;26:118–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

87.

Canto JG, Rogers WJ, Goldberg RJ, Peterson ED, Wenger NK, Vaccarino V, et al.; NRMI Investigators. Association of age and sex with myocardial infarction symptom presentation and in-hospital mortality. JAMA. 2012;307:813–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

88.

Canto JG, Goldberg RJ, Hand MM, Bonow RO, Sopko G, Pepine CJ, et al. Symptom presentation of women with acute coronary syndromes: myth vs reality. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:2405–13. [DOI] [PubMed]

89.

Sato C, Wakabayashi K, Ikeda N, Honda Y, Sato K, Suzuki T, et al. Influence of sex on the incidence of potential coronary artery disease and long-term outcomes in asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2020;27:100504. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

90.

Scholte AJ, Schuijf JD, Kharagjitsingh AV, Dibbets-Schneider P, Stokkel MP, van der Wall E, et al. Prevalence and predictors of an abnormal stress myocardial perfusion study in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;36:567–75. [DOI] [PubMed]

91.

Tandon S, Frans JT, Wackers FJT, Inzucchi SE, Bansal S, Staib LH, et al.; the DIAD Investigators. Gender-based divergence of cardiovascular outcomes in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes: results from the DIAD study. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2012;9:124–30. [DOI] [PubMed]

92.

Vigili de Kreutzenberg S, Solini A, Vitolo E, Boi A, Bacci S, Cocozza S, et al. Silent coronary heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: application of a screening approach in a follow-up study. J Diabetes Complications. 2017;31:952–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

93.

Cosson E, Nguyen MT, Chanu B, Balta S, Takbou K, Valensi P. The report of male gender and retinopathy status improves the current consensus guidelines for the screening of myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23:557–65. [DOI] [PubMed]

94.

Simó R, Bañeras J, Hernández C, Rodríguez-Palomares J, Valente F, Gutierrez L, et al. Diabetic retinopathy as an independent predictor of subclinical cardiovascular disease: baseline results of the PRECISED study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2019;7:e000845. [DOI]

95.

Vinik AI, Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Freeman R. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1553–79. [DOI] [PubMed]

96.

Pop-Busui R. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: a clinical perspective. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:434–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

97.

Dimitropoulos G, Tahrani AA, Stevens MJ. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2014;5:17–39. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

98.

Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Vinik AI, Freeman R. The association between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and mortality in individuals with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1895–901. [DOI] [PubMed]

99.

Valensi P, Sachs RN, Harfouche B, Lormeau B, Paries J, Cosson E, et al. Predictive value of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients with or without silent myocardial ischemia. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:339–43. [DOI] [PubMed]

100.

Young LH, Wackers FJT, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, Taillefer R, et al.; the DIAD Investigators. Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: the DIAD Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:1547–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

101.

Gazzaruso C, Coppola A, Montalcini T, Valenti C, Garzaniti A, Pelissero G, et al. Erectile dysfunction can improve the effectiveness of the current guidelines for the screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease indiabetes. Endocrine. 2011;40:273–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

102.

Emami T, Naeimei Z, Salehifard A, Azizmohammadi Z, Iranpour D, Kalantarhormozi M, et al. Significance of microalbuminuria in predicting silent myocardial ischemia in patients with type 2 diabetes using myocardial perfusion imaging. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther. 2019;28:62–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

103.

Hussain Q, Bukhari MH, Afzaal F, Fatima W. Microalbuminuria (Moderate Albumin Excretion) and its relationship with silent myocardial ischemia in treatment naïve type II diabetic patients. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36:496–500. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

104.

De Vriese AS, Vandecasteele SJ, Van den BerghB, De Geeter FW. Should we screen for coronary artery disease in asymptomatic chronic dialysis patients? Kidney International. 2012;81:143–51. [DOI] [PubMed]

105.

Gazzaruso C, Solerte SB, Pujia A, Coppola A, Vezzoli M, Salvucci F, et al. Erectile dysfunction as a predictor of cardiovascular events and death in diabetic patients with angiographically proven asymptomatic coronary artery disease: a potential protective role for statins and 5-phosphodiesterase inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:2040–4. [DOI] [PubMed]

106.

Gazzaruso C, Giordanetti S, De Amici E, Bertone G, Falcone C, Geroldi D, et al. Relationship between erectile dysfunction and silent myocardial ischemia in apparently uncomplicated type 2 diabetic patients. Circulation. 2004;110:22–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

107.

Shin D, Pregenzer G, Gardin JM. Erectile dysfunction: a disease marker for cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Rev. 2011;19:5–11. [DOI] [PubMed]

108.

Abdelhamed A, Hisasue S, Nada EA, Kassem AM, Abdel-Kareem M, Horie S. Relation between erectile dysfunction and silent myocardial ischemia in diabetic patients: a multidetector computed tomographic coronary angiographic study. Sex Med. 2016;4:e127–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

109.

110.

Zellweger MJ, Haaf P, Maraun M, Osterhues HH, Keller U, Müller-Brand J, et al.; the BARDOT Investigators. Predictors and prognostic impact of silent coronary artery disease inasymptomatic high-risk patients with diabetes mellitus. Int J Cardiol. 2017;244:37–42. [DOI] [PubMed]

111.

Jeevarethinam A, Venuraju S, Dumo A, Ruano S, Mehta VS, Rosenthal M, et al. Relationship between carotid atherosclerosis and coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic diabetic patients: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Cardiol. 2017;40:752–58. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

112.

Mitevska IP, Baneva N, Bosevski M, Kostovska ES. Prevalence of risk factors and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis in diabetic patients screened for silent myocardial ischemia by SPECT myocardial imaging. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 2017;20:3–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

113.

Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, Bril V, Feldman EL, Freeman R, et al.; American Diabetes Association. Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:956–62. [DOI] [PubMed]

114.

Kawano Y, Takemoto M, Mito T, Morisaki H, Tanaka A, Sakaki Y, et al. Silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without previous histories of cardiovascular disease. Int J Cardiol. 2016;216:151–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

115.

Rivellese AA, Piatti PM; Italian Intersociety Consensus Group. Consensus on: screening and therapy of coronary heart disease in diabetic patients. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;21:757–64. [DOI] [PubMed]

116.

Bauters C, Lemesle G. Screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. BMC Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;16:90. [DOI]

117.

Clerc OF, Fuchs TA, Stehli J, Benz DC, Grani C, Messerli M, et al. Non-invasive screening for coronary artery disease in asymptomatic diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19:838–46. [DOI] [PubMed]

118.

Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, Moore TH, Burke M, Smith GD, et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013:CD004816. [DOI]

119.

Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, Goff DC, Bigger JT, Buse JB, et al.; Actionto Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545–59. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

120.

Birkeland K, Jorgensen ME, Carstensen B, Persson F, Gulseth HL, Thuresson M, et al. Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes following initiation of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors versus other glucose-lowering drugs (CVD-REAL Nordic): a multinational observational analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:709–17. [DOI] [PubMed]

121.

Beller E, Meinel FG, Schoeppe F, Kunz WG, Thierfelder KM, Hausleiter J, et al. Predictive value of coronary computed tomography angiography in asymptomatic individuals with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2018;12:320–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

122.

Phillips LM, Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Iskandrian AE, Min JK, Picard MH, et al. Lessons learned from MPI and physiologic testing in randomized trials of stable ischemic heart disease: COURAGE, BARI 2D, FAME, and ISCHEMIA. J Nucl Cardiol. 2013;20:969–75. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

123.

Bittner V, Bertolet M, Felix RB, Farkouh ME, Goldberg S, Ramanathan KB, et al.; BARI 2D Study Group. Comprehensive cardiovascular risk factor control improves survival: the BARI 2D trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:765–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]