Indicators of cognitive tests and echocardiographic parameters in the groups of patients examined
Parameter
Main group (n = 32)
Comparison group (n = 20)
Significance of differences, p
Wexler 5, medians and quartiles
7.5 (6.5; 9.0)
10.5 (9.0; 11.5)
0.01
Wexler 7, medians and quartiles
26.5 (23.0; 35.5)
45 (30; 53)
0.01
Bourdon’s test (level of attention concentration), medians and quartiles
0.56 (0.22; 0.74)
0.83 (0.093; 0.900)
0.01
Bourdon’s test (speed of execution), medians and quartiles
94.21 (80.78; 111.42)
114.65 (89.35; 142.83)
0.03
Bourdon’s test (switching of attention), medians and quartiles
41.37 (29.11; 58.33)
30.5 (19.35; 47.22)
0.46
Bourdon’s test (accuracy index), medians and quartiles
1.28 (0.83; 2.80)
2 (1.16; 4.28)
0.70
LVMI (g/m2), medians and quartiles
114 (100; 128)
103.5 (93.5; 121.0)
0.56
LVEF (%), medians and quartiles
58.5 (45; 60)
55 (48; 67)
0.21
LVEDD (cm), medians and quartiles
5 (4.65; 5.45)
5.2 (4.7; 5.5)
0.72
LAESD (cm), medians and quartiles
3.95 (3.65; 4.55)
4.2 (3.85; 4.70)
0.90
sPAP (mmHg), medians and quartiles
32 (27.5; 36.5)
30 (26; 34)
0.25
LVMI: left ventricular mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LAESD: left atrial end-systolic dimension; sPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure
Declarations
Author contributions
NA: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. EEK: Methodology, Investigation, Resources, Writing—original draft. LEK: Visualization, Writing—review & editing. AAR: Data curation, Investigation. YGS: Formal analysis. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 2013 Helsinki Declaration and the 1997 Geneva Convention on Human Rights. The conduct of this study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Saratov State Medical University named after V.I. Razumovsky” of the Ministry of Health of Russia on November 07, 2023, Protocol #7.
Consent to participate
Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. If someone wants to request the data you should contact Natalya Akimova, astraveritas@yandex.ru.
Funding
The work was carried out within the scope of the government commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation titled “Development of a portable software and hardware complex for remote monitoring of the function of the cardiovascular system, as well as automation of the 6-minute walking test for patients suffering from chronic non-infectious diseases”, [No. 056-03-2024-071] dated January 24th, 2024. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
References
Ebbell B. The Papyrus Ebers. The Greatest Egyptian Medical Document. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard; 1937.
Kerna NA, Pruitt KD, Kadivi K, Nwokorie U, Odugbemi O, Atolagbe OA, et al. Cardiogenic Dementia: The Role of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Cardiogenic Dementia and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases.EC Cardiol. 2021;8:47–53.
Liang J, Li C, Gao D, Ma Q, Wang Y, Pan Y, et al. Association Between Onset Age of Coronary Heart Disease and Incident Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study.J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12:e031407. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Boytsov SA, Samorodskaya IV. [Cardiovascular disease and cognitive impairment].Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2022;122:7–13. Russian. [DOI] [PubMed]
Li C, Zhu Y, Ma Y, Hua R, Zhong B, Xie W. Association of Cumulative Blood Pressure With Cognitive Decline, Dementia, and Mortality.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79:1321–35. [DOI] [PubMed]
Akimova NS, Sokolov IM, Khromykh AY, Martynovich TV. The problem of combined pathology of chronic heart failure and morphofunctional state of the central nervous system.Modern Probl Sci Educ. 2015;3:158. Russian. [DOI]
Lolatte K, Brackhan M, Hess A, Almarcha PB, Willmann M, Ross T, et al. Impact of Acute Myocardial Infarction on Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology in a Transgenic Mouse Model.J Nucl Med. 2022;63:2299.
Thackeray JT, Hupe HC, Wang Y, Bankstahl JP, Berding G, Ross TL, et al. Myocardial Inflammation Predicts Remodeling and Neuroinflammation After Myocardial Infarction.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:263–75. [DOI] [PubMed]
Derevnina ES, Akimova NS, Martynovich TV, Makarov NS, Konshina LE, Shvarts YG. Cognitive impairment in atrial fibrillation on the background of cardiovascular diseases.Ann Arrhyth. 2013;10:87–94. Russian.
Pelipetskaya EYu, Shulman VA, Golovenkin SE. Ventricular arrhythmias in myocardial infarction (prevalence, prognosis, treatment).Sib Med Rev. 2012;4:56–61. Russian.
Kazakova EK, Kotov AS. Cognitive disorders in patients with cardiac arrhythmia.Clin Gerontol. 2013;11–2. Russian.
Gordeev IA, Kutorova EE, Akimova NS. Myocardial Infarction as Predictor of Cognitive Disorders in Cardiovascular Patients: A Literature Review.Cardiol Bel. 2023;15:376–81. Russian. [DOI]
Kasprzak D, Kaczmarek-Majer K, Grabarczyk A, Ganowicz-Kaatz T, Rzezniczak J, Slomczynski M, et al. Attention as the dimension that deteriorates first in patients with cognitive impairment after myocardial infarction.Eur Heart J. 2024;45:ehae666.3023. [DOI]
Schmidt G, Malik M, Barthel P, Schneider R, Ulm K, Rolnitzky L, et al. Heart-rate turbulence after ventricular premature beats as a predictor of mortality after acute myocardial infarction.Lancet. 1999;353:1390–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hayıroğlu Mİ, Altay S. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Coronary Artery Disease and Atrial Fibrillation.Balkan Med J. 2023;40:151–2. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]