Comparative significancea of the main indicators of basic neurobiological processes across the three stages analyzed (Younger, Elder, and MCI groups)
Functionality
Younger
Elder
MCI
NTRKs signaling
8.97
6.68
0
GDNF/RET signaling
1.49
0
2.76
Neuroinflammatory response
2.95
5.39
0
Cellular response to stress
3.40
4.09
0
Regulation of stress response
2.43
2.96
0
MAPK cascade
6.95
3.23
2.57
Stress-activated MAPK cascade
1.84
1.77
0
Response to hypoxia
6.95
5.19
0
Response to oxidative stress
1.97
2.79
0
Cellular response to Abeta peptide
5.30
6.97
5
Positive amyloid fibril formation
2.01
3.35
0
ER stress & response to unfolded proteins
0
3.08
0
Intrinsic apoptosis in ER stress
0
4.69
0
Osmotic stress
0
1.84
0
Response to glucocorticoids
1.70
6.59
0
MeCP2 transcriptional regulation
6.39
5.32
3.79
DREAM pathway
4.61
2.35
0
Transcription regulation by NPAS4
5.47
2.74
0
Sumoylation of intracellular receptors
2.30
2.96
0
CNS development
12.52
13.32
0
Pattern specification (GO: 0007389)
1.83
4.83
0
Gliogenesis
5.65
9.16
1.37
Astrocyte projection
3.53
1.84
0
Astrocyte activation
2.54
4.84
1.46
Neurogenesis (positive regulation)
3.92
4.50
3.04
Neurogenesis (negative regulation)
2.57
2.26
0
Cell fate commitment
0
3.44
0
Dendrite development
7.59
6.59
0
Dendrite spine organization
7.27
3
1.37
Axonogenesis
11.99
9.48
1.37
Collateral sprouting
4.27
4.15
1.60
Response to axon injury
1.77
2.77
1.33
CA3-pyramidal cell dendrites
1.45
0
1.86
Hippocampal mossy fibers (DG-CA3)
3.05
1.63
0
CA1-Schaffer collateral synapses
2.62
1.84
3.45
Fear response
4.87
2.54
1.60
Rhythm process
4.46
6.12
1.76
a The significance is expressed as –log10 (FDR), where FDR is the false discovery rate. ER: endoplasmic reticulum; NTRKs: neurotrophic tropomyosin-receptor kinases; NPAS4: neuronal PAS domain protein 4; CA: cornu ammonis; DG: dentate gyrus. Note that a zero value denotes a non-significant functionality, as FDR = 1 (For details of the genes involved see Tables S1–S3)
The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Not required.
Consent to participate
Not required.
Consent to publication
Not required.
Availability of data and materials
The original microarray data corresponding to the patients were gathered by Berchtold et al. [28, 29], and can be accessed under code GSE11882 in GEO database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo). The data generated in this study are available from Supplementary materials associated to the present article.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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