Table Info

Table 5.

The association between previous medication use and antimicrobial resistance

Parameters	Non-MDR bacteria (n = 111)	MDR bacteria (n = 99)	P-value^$
Use of antibiotics within the last three months
Yes (n = 83)	31 (37.3)	52 (62.7)	< 0.001^*
No (n = 127)	80 (63.0)	47 (37.0)	< 0.001^*
Use of corticosteroids within the last three months
Yes (n = 33)	13 (39.4)	20 (60.6)	0.091
No (n = 177)	98 (55.4)	79 (44.6)	0.091
Previous immunosuppressant/chemotherapy use within the last three months
Yes (n = 12)	10 (83.8)	2 (16.7)	0.029^*
No (n = 198)	110 (51.0)	97 (49.0)	0.029^*

^$ Using Chi-square test. ^* Significant at 0.05 significance level. MDR: multidrug-resistant

Supplementary materials

The supplementary table for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/1001312_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Author contributions

SS: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. RI: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. KAH: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. RKAF: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The research protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board at JUH (Approval number R023/28293).

Consent to participate

Due to the retrospective nature of the study, direct patient contact was not involved. Consequently, informed consent was not required for this study.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Required information can be available upon request from the corresponding author (Rana Abu-Farha, r_abufarha@asu.edu.jo).

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

References

Curren EJ, Lutgring JD, Kabbani S, Diekema DJ, Gitterman S, Lautenbach E, et al. Advancing Diagnostic Stewardship for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antibiotic Resistance, and Sepsis. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74:723–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

Roca I, Akova M, Baquero F, Carlet J, Cavaleri M, Coenen S, et al. The global threat of antimicrobial resistance: science for intervention. New Microbes New Infect. 2015;6:22–9. Erratum in: New Microbes New Infect. 2015;8:175. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Tsai Y, Lee Y, Lin N, Yang H, Teh S, Lin L. Therapeutic effect and anti-biofilm ability assessment of a novel phage, phiPA1-3, against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Virus Res. 2023;335:199178. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A, Harbarth S, Mendelson M, Monnet DL, et al.; WHO Pathogens Priority List Working Group. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:318–27. [DOI] [PubMed]

Thoma R, Seneghini M, Seiffert SN, Vuichard Gysin D, Scanferla G, Haller S, et al. The challenge of preventing and containing outbreaks of multidrug-resistant organisms and Candida auris during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: report of a carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak and a systematic review of the literature. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2022;11:12. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Morris S, Cerceo E. Trends, Epidemiology, and Management of Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections in the Hospitalized Setting. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020;9:196. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Giraldi G, Montesano M, Napoli C, Frati P, Russa RL, Santurro A, et al. Healthcare-Associated Infections Due to Multidrug-Resistant Organisms: a Surveillance Study on Extra Hospital Stay and Direct Costs. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2019;20:643–52. [DOI] [PubMed]

Gandra S, Alvarez-Uria G, Turner P, Joshi J, Limmathurotsakul D, van Doorn HR. Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Progress and Challenges in Eight South Asian and Southeast Asian Countries. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020;33:e00048-19. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

10.

Nimer NA. Nosocomial Infection and Antibiotic-Resistant Threat in the Middle East. Infect Drug Resist. 2022;15:631–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

11.

Al-Orphaly M, Hadi HA, Eltayeb FK, Al-Hail H, Samuel BG, Sultan AA, et al. Epidemiology of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Middle East and North Africa Region. mSphere. 2021;6:e00202-21. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

12.

Khasawneh RA, Ababneh MA, Al-Azzam SI. Antimicrobial stewardship programs: perceptions and practices among Jordanian healthcare practitioners. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research. 2021;12:235–41. [DOI]

13.

Peyrani P, Wiemken TL, Metersky ML, Arnold FW, Mattingly WA, Feldman C, et al. The order of administration of macrolides and beta-lactams may impact the outcomes of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the community-acquired pneumonia organization. Infect Dis (Lond). 2018;50:13–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

14.

Tamma PD, Aitken SL, Bonomo RA, Mathers AJ, van Duin D, Clancy CJ. Infectious Diseases Society of America 2023 Guidance on the Treatment of Antimicrobial Resistant Gram-Negative Infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;ciad428. [Online ahead of print]. [DOI] [PubMed]

15.

Hayward C, Ross KE, Brown MH, Whiley H. Water as a Source of Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections. Pathogens. 2020;9:667. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

16.

Goli HR, Nahaei MR, Rezaee MA, Hasani A, Kafil HS, Aghazadeh M. Emergence of colistin resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa at Tabriz hospitals, Iran. Iran J Microbiol. 2016;8:62–9. [PubMed] [PMC]

17.

Ahmed MAS, Hadi HA, Jarir SA, Khan FA, Arbab MA, Hamid JM, et al. Prevalence and microbiological and genetic characteristics of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa over three years in Qatar. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol. 2022;2:e96. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

18.

Boyer A, Doussau A, Thiébault R, Venier AG, Tran V, Boulestreau H, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa acquisition on an intensive care unit: relationship between antibiotic selective pressure and patients’ environment. Crit Care. 2011;15:R55. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

19.

Montero MM, Montesinos IL, Knobel H, Molas E, Sorlí L, Siverio-Parés A, et al. Risk Factors for Mortality among Patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bloodstream Infections: What Is the Influence of XDR Phenotype on Outcomes? J Clin Med. 2020;9:514. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

20.

Usher MG, Tourani R, Webber B, Tignanelli CJ, Ma S, Pruinelli L, et al. Patient Heterogeneity and the J-Curve Relationship Between Time-to-Antibiotics and the Outcomes of Patients Admitted With Bacterial Infection. Crit Care Med. 2022;50:799–809. [DOI] [PubMed]

21.

Vipin C, Saptami K, Fida F, Mujeeburahiman M, Rao SS, Athmika, et al. Potential synergistic activity of quercetin with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0241304. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]