The order of the symbols corresponds to Yale-Penn 1, Yale Penn 2, Yale-Penn 3, COGA. A1: effect allele; A2: non-effect allele; MAF: minor allele frequency in the AA subset of the Yale-Penn cohort; P: P-value; Direction: effect direction of A1
Supplementary materials
The supplementary materials for this article are available at:
JG, LAF, HRK, HJE, EN, NGM, and LD contributed conception and design of the study; CZ, EJ, and LW, and RS performed the statistical analysis; RS wrote the first draft of the manuscript; all authors contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
Dr. Kranzler is a member of an advisory board for Dicerna Pharmaceuticals and a member of the American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology’s Alcohol Clinical Trials Initiative (ACTIVE Group), which over the past three years was supported by Alkermes, Amygdala Neurosciences, Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Ethypharm, Indivior, Lundbeck, Mitsubishi, and Otsuka. Drs. Kranzler and Gelernter are named as inventors on PCT patent application #15/878,640 entitled: “Genotype-guided dosing of opioid agonists”, filed January 24, 2018. In the past three years, Dr. Degenhardt has received untied educational grant funding from Indivior and Seqirus. No other authors reported potential conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Boston University, Yale University and the University of Pennsylvania.
Consent to participate
Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
Summary statistics for GWAS analyses will be provided by the corresponding author upon request.
Funding
This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grants RC2 DA028909, R01 DA12690, R01 DA12849, R01 DA18432, R01 AA11330, R01 AA017535, 2P50-AA012870, VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, Philadelphia VA MIRECCS, and National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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