Table Info

Table 2.

Model performances for classification of presence of any cognitive impairment among different feature sets (MCI and dementia are grouped together). Thresholds balance out the TPR and FPR

Feature set	Penalty	λ	AUC	Specificity	Sensitivity	PPV	NPV	Number of Features
NPT	L1	10	0.929	0.836	0.927	0.81	0.938	23
MMSE	L1	1	0.870	0.932	0.818	0.900	0.872	18
Baseline Linguistic	L2	10	0.882	0.726	0.855	0.701	0.869	374
Baseline Linguistic + MMSE	L1	1	0.913	0.863	0.873	0.828	0.900	392
Expanded Linguistic	L2	100	0.883	0.767	0.873	0.738	0.889	163
Expanded Linguistic + MMSE	L1	10	0.915	0.863	0.891	0.831	0.913	181
Expanded Syntactic	L2	10	0.821	0.808	0.764	0.75	0.819	31
Expanded Semantic	L2	100	0.870	0.795	0.836	0.754	0.866	126
Expanded Lexical	L1	10	0.844	1.000	0.618	1.000	0.777	6

Declarations

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the dedication of the Framingham Heart Study participants without whom this research would not be possible. We also thank the FHS study staff for their many years of hard work in the examination of subjects and acquisition of data.

Author contributions

LZ, AN, and RHG contributed to the conception and design of the study. CMP, JAT, and HB contributed to refinement of the design of the study. AN performed the statistical analysis. LZ, AN, and RHG drafted the manuscript. CMP, JAT, HB, and RA critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

RA has received grant funding support from Biogen. She serves on the scientific advisory boards of Signant Health and Novo Nordisk, and is a scientific consultant to Biogen; none of which have any conflict of interest with the contents of this project. RHG reports personal fees from BrainCheck outside the submitted work and reports receiving stock options from BrainCheck.

Ethical approval

The Framingham Heart Study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Boston University Medical Center.

Consent to participate

All participants provided written consent to the study.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Given that the text transcripts, demographic, and neuropsychological test data contain personal information, the dataset used in the current study is not publicly available. However, the scripts and tools are available upon request.

Funding

This work was partially supported by the National Library of Medicine Training Grant (T15LM007442; Authors JAT and HAB), National Science Foundation NRT Grant (1735095; Author LZ), Framingham Heart Study’s National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute contract (N01-HC-25195; HHSN268201500001I), and NIH grants from the National Institute on Aging (AG008122, AG016495, AG033040, AG049810, AG054156, AG062109, AG068753) and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency FA8750-16-C-0299. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institutes of Health or the US Department of Health and Human Services. The funding agencies had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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