Table Info

Table 2.

Summary of the studies evaluating the role of sex hormones in the risk of NAFLD

References	Type of study	Population	Findings
Völzke et al. [31]	Observational	Adult men recruited from the SHIP study	Hepatic steatosis is associated with low testosterone and high DHEAS levels
Van de Velde et al. [32]	Observational	Adult men with obesity scheduled for bariatric surgery undergoing liver biopsy	Subjects with NASH have lower cFT levels and a higher cFE2/cFT ratio as compared to those with only fatty liver
Sarkar et al. [33]	Observational	Adult men with biopsy-proven NAFLD	Men with low free testosterone are more likely to have NASH and advanced fibrosis
Yim et al. [34]	Observational	Adult subjects participants from the NHANES 2011–2012	Low total testosterone levels were associated with abnormal ALT levels in men and post-menopausal women irrespective of other risk factors
Kumarendran et al. [36]	Observational	Women aged 18–50 with and without PCOS	Patients with PCOS have an increased rate of NAFLD irrespective of BMI or impaired glucose metabolism
Sarkar et al. [37]	Observational	Women aged 18–45 years with and without PCOS and biopsy-confirmed NAFLD	The presence of PCOS was associated with an increasing fibrosis in patients with NASH
Sarkar et al. [50]	Observational	Healthy Caucasian and African American women aged 18–30	Increased free testosterone levels are associated with NAFLD independently from BMI, insulin resistance and waist
Fujihara et al. [51]	Observational	Healthy middle-age Japanese men	Low FT and high SHBG plasma levels are associated with a higher FIB-4 index
Hazlehurst et al. [64]	Trial	Healthy young male treated with finasteride/dutasteride	Increased metabolic risk and intrahepatic lipid accumulation on MRS in patients treated with dutasteride
Gild et al. [69]	Observational	Adult men with PCa undergoing ADT	Increased risk of NAFLD and any liver disease in treated patients
Sawazaki et al. [70]	Observational	Men with PCa undergoing ADT	Increased intrahepatic fatty deposition on abdominal CT

ADT: androgen-deprivation therapy; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; cFT: calculated free testosterone; cFE2: calculated free estradiol; CT: computed tomography; MRS: magnetic resonance spectroscopy; PCa: prostate cancer

Declarations

Author contributions

ADV and MR contributed conception of the study; ADV, LR and MR wrote sections of the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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