Protected against HFD-induced insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation
ERβ
ERβ-knockout mice
Increased body weight gain and fat deposition under HFD-treatment
----
----
Less expression in hepatocytes, high expression in fibrotic livers and activated HSCs
----
----
ERβ-selective agonists (β-LGND2 and WAY200070)
Inhibits body weight and white adipose tissue, and increases metabolism in male HFD mice; improves plasma insulin levels and glucose tolerance
ERβ-knockout mice
Protected against diet-induced IR and glucose intolerance
ERβ-knockout mice
No hepatic steatosis and decreased in serum cholesterol levels
GPER or GPR 30
GPER-knockout mice
↓ Levels of HDL; ↑ in fat liver accumulation
GPER-knockout mice
↑ Levels of HDL; ↓ in fat liver accumulation;
Expressed in hepatocytes and quiescent HSCs
GPER-knockout mice
Moderate obesity and larger adipocyte size beginning later age
GPER-knockout mice
Moderate obesity and larger adipocyte size beginning earlier age
GPER-knockout mice
Protected from HFD-induced obesity, blood glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance
----
----
ER: estrogen receptor; GPR30: G protein-coupled receptor 30; ↑ increased; ↓ decreased; ---- sex-balanced studies not available
Declarations
Author contributions
NCS; PJG; CT and NR contributed conception and design of the review and in the writing of the different sections of the review. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Funding
NCS is funded by the Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (DOST-PCHRD), Philippines; PJG is supported by Post-doctoral Fellowships 2020 from Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Italy; NR is funded by Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Trieste (CRTrieste) and by Fondazione Italiana Fegato ONLUS.
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