Table Info

Table 1.

Characteristics of GLP-1 RAs available for T2D treatment

Compound	Approval date	Route	Molecular weight (Da)	Duration of action	Half-life	Dosage	Frequency and timing of administration
Daily administration
Exen B.I.D.	2005 (FDA), 2006 (EMA)	Injective	4,186.6	Short	3–4 h	Starting: 5 μg, maintenance: 10 μg	Twice daily, within 60 min since morning and evening meal
Lira	2009 (EMA), 2010 (FDA)	Injective	3,751.2	Long	12–14 h	Starting: 0.6 mg, maintenance: 1.2 mg or 1.8 mg	Once daily, any time (independent of meals) but preferably at the same time each day
Lixi	2013 (EMA), 2016 (FDA)	Injective	4,858.5	Short	2–3 h	Starting: 10 μg, maintenance: 20 μg	Once daily, within 60 min of any meal (preferably the same meal each day)
Sema	2019 (FDA), 2020 (EMA)	Oral	4,113.6	Long	6–7 days	Starting: 3 mg, maintenance: 7 mg or 14 mg	Once daily, empty stomach, 30 min before eating, drinking, or taking other oral medications
Weekly administration
Exen LAR	2011 (EMA), 2012 (FDA)	Injective	4,186.6	Long	3–4 h	2 mg	Once weekly, any time of day, with or without meals
Dula	2014 (EMA/FDA)	Injective	59,670.6	Long	5–6 days	0.75 mg or 1.5 mg	Once weekly, any time of day, with or without meals
Sema	2017 (FDA), 2019 (EMA)	Injective	4,113.6	Long	6–7 days	Starting: 0.25 mg, maintenance: 0.5 mg or 1.0 mg	Once weekly, any time of day, with or without meals

B.I.D.: bis in die; Da: dalton; Dula: dulaglutide; EMA: European Medicines Agency; Exen: exenatide; FDA: Food and Drugs Administration; LAR: long-acting release; Lira: liraglutide; Lixi: lixisenatide; Sema: semaglutide

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge Professor Giuliana Arcidiacono, English and Anglo-American language PhD, University of Catania, for the language revision of the manuscript.

Author contributions

AM and LS conceived the study. AM, LS, and LM researched references, wrote, reviewed/edited the manuscript draft. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This work is part of the PhD research program (Clinical and Translational Biomedicine, University of Catania) of Agostino Milluzzo, funded by MIUR—Research and Innovation Plan 2014–2020. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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