Table Info

Table 1.

A 10-year literature review of different nano-formulations of RSV

Route of administration	Drug (API)	Excipient	Formulation	Observations	Reference
Parenteral delivery (intravenous)	trans-RSV	TPGS	SLN	Showed 9.37 folds higher plasma half-life and improved circulation time, better passive brain delivery of drug in Charles Foster rats.	[56]
Oral delivery	RSV	Magnesium dihydroxide	Solid dispersion	Improved solubility and bioavailability (3.3-fold) as compared to RSV alone.	[87]
		A mixed lipid phase (castor oil/Capmul MCM 1:1) and a mixed surfactant phase (Kolliphor EL/Kolliphor RH 40 1:1)	Self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS)	Formulation improved the bioavailability and reduce toxicity which is further used in the supplement as well as the pharmaceutical industry.	[88]
		poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)	Systematically optimized nanoparticles	Ka and AUC are 7.17 and 10.6 folds respectively while bioavailability showed 2.78 folds.	[89]
		Phospholipids, Sylysia 350, TPGS	Solidified phospholipid-TPGS	Increased bioavailability by dissolution rate and absorption.	[90]
		Zein	Nano capsulation	Improved bioavailability and permeability of 1.15 folds.	[91]
		Di stearoyl phosphatidyl choline, sodium taurocholate, cholesterol	Proliposomal formulation	AUC and C_max increased by 2 folds.	[92]
Nasal delivery	RSV	8.75% w/v chitosan solution, SLMs, chitosan	LMs uncoated or coated with chitosan	Improve C_max (60 min) about 9.7 ± 1.9 μg/mL. Effective targeting of brain drug delivery by nasal route.	[93]
Nasal delivery	RSV	Transferosomes	Intranasal transferosome mucoadhesive gel	Improved C_max and AUC by 2.15 and 22.5 folds respectively as compared to RSV suspension alone.	[94]
Topical delivery	RSV	Gelot 64 (surfactant), OAs and LAs	Niosomes	Topical penetration increased up to 21%.	[86]
		Dendrimer	Dendrimer nanotechnology	78.06% of the formulation showed intradermal permeation and only 37.33% RSV alone.	[13]
		Eugenol	Nano emulsion	The highest RSV penetration into the stratum corneum is about 9.55 (ratio compared to saturated RSV).	[95]
		Limonene	Nano emulsion	The highest permeation of drug to the skin is about 12.61 (ratio compared to saturated RSV).	[95]

AUC: area under the curve; C_max: peak plasma concentration; LMs: lipid microparticles

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors are highly thankful to ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga for providing the necessary facilities for carrying out the review work.

Author contributions

AK and DS conceptualized the idea and prepared the first draft of the article. BDK and AS finalized the draft and approved it for final submission. DS submit the first draft of the article to the journal.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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