Anti-inflammatory activity of FD

S/NMethodsSolventPlant partsConcentrationsMajor findingsReference
13-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT)Aqueous0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg/mLThe extract greatly reduced ROS, NO, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 production in microglial cells stimulated by LPS at the maximum dose (100 μg/mL)[43]
2In vivoLeavesF. deltoidea preserved trabecular bone microarchitecture and decreased and increased osteoclast and osteoblast cell numbers, respectively, protecting ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis (OP) mice from alveolar bone loss[44]
3Lipoxygenase inhibition assayMethanolLeaves10 μLUsing apigenin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and indomethacin as a control, the extracts’ activity was determined to be equivalent at P < 0.05[11]
4Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)Hot aqueousLeaves0.05, 0.08, or 0.1%The UV-induced expression of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and COX-2 was significantly reduced when the extract of F. deltoidea was used. Pro-inflammatory cytokines may be inhibited by the F. deltoidea extract, which may be an effective skin disease treatment[45]
5In vivo200 and 400 mg/kgThe dose-dependent down-regulation of pro-inflammatory nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-6 mRNA levels by the FD extract considerably at P < 0.05 alleviated these bone microstructural and biomarker alterations. In this OP/osteoarthritis (OA) preclinical model, the FD extract showed good anti-osteoporotic characteristics by increasing bone formation and reducing bone resorption via anti-inflammatory pathways[46]
6Aqueous, ethanolicLeavesBiomarkers related to endothelial activation and inflammation were inhibited by FD at the highest levels, whereas FD reduced monocyte binding at the second-highest level (17.3%)[47]
7In vivoLeaves400 mg/kgRadiological, macroscopic, and histological images revealed that osteoarthritic rats treated with the extract plus diclofenac had significantly less cartilage loss than osteoarthritic rats not treated with either substance. Osteoarthritic cartilage showed a substantial decrease in IL-1, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 mRNA levels when the extract was applied[48]
8In vivoAqueousLeaves30, 100, and 300 mg/kgThe data demonstrated that FDA had a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory impact in the paw oedema and formalin tests and that it was anti-inflammatory in all assays tested (P < 0.05)[42]
9In vivoAqueousLeaves1, 50, and 100 mg/kgPresent results demonstrated that a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect was produced in all models by intraperitoneal administration of the F. deltoidea leaves aqueous extract 30 min before pain induction, indicating the presence of both centrally and peripherally mediated activities[15]
10MethanolThere was a dose-dependent inhibition of NO and proinflammatory cytokine production, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1, by F. deltoidea ethyl acetate fraction compared to the other fractions. Acetate fraction treatment also reduced the expression of inducible NO synthase, NO synthase, and COX-2. Aside from these two effects, it also inhibited LPS-induced activation of NF-κB (an inhibitor of kappa B alpha) degradation[49]