Table Info

Table 1.

Characteristics of the oncologic emergencies addressed by AI applications in literature

Disease	Cause	Symptoms	First-line imaging	Imaging features
Cerebral herniation	Increased intracranial pressure	Headache, vomiting, different level of state of confusion	CT	Midline shift in confront of opposite site, masses
Spinal cord compression	Metastases could compress spinal cord directly or indirectly dislocating vertebral bodies	Back pain, paraesthesia, erectile dysfunction, weakness	MRI	Dislocation of the spinal cord centreline
PE	Tumor invasion of artery branches or increased coagulation effectiveness by therapies or devices	Chest pain, dyspnea, orthopnoea, cough, haemoptysis	CT	Hypodensity or filling defects in the branches of the pulmonary arterial system after contrast
Cardiac Tamponade	Tumors infiltration of pericardium or due to therapies, lymphadenopathy, or infections	Chest pain, dyspnea	CXR/CT	Cardiomegaly and epicardial fat pad sign and in CT high density of pericardial effusion in basal condition (30–45 HU in acute bleeding)
Pneumothorax	Drainage mispositioned or for lung biopsy or tumors infiltration of pleura	Chest pain, dyspnea	CXR	Radiolucent area between the lung parenchyma and the chest wall
Abdominal hemorrhage	Hypervascular neoplasm, splenic rupture due to lymphoma and tumors’ direct vascular invasion	Abdominal pain, asthenia	CT	Increased density of abdominal effusion in basal condition that tends to grow after contrast
Intestinal obstruction	Tumor growth within the intestinal wall or its lumen	Abdominal cramping pain, vomiting, inability to defecate	CXR	Dilatated bowel loops with air-fluid levels
Bowel perforation	Tumor infiltration of intestinal wall	Abdominal pain, rigid abdomen on examination	CXR	Subphrenic free air in frontal CRX and Rigler sign (or the double-wall sign because gas outlines both sides of the bowel wall)
Intestinal intussusception	Invasion of intestinal wall by malignancies	Abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting	CT	Bowel in bowel sign

CT: computerized tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; CXR: chest X-ray

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We thank A. Fanni for the conceptualization and realization of Figure 1.

Author contributions

SCF, MT, MS, EN: Conceptualization. SCF, GG, SR, GA, SM: Investigation, Writing—original draft. SCF, GA, SM, MT, EN: Writing—review & editing. MS, MT, EN: Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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