Higher content of α2,3-linked sialic acid

Lower content of α2,6-linked sialic acid

Low limits of detection (0.04–1.35 ng/mL) and good reproducibility (%CVs < 10%)

Total SNA assay (AUC = 0.71) performed better than %fPSA (AUC = 0.54) in its diagnostic grey zone between 10% and 20%

Direct analysis of PSA glycosylation in sera

High-throughput assay

Sufficient limit of detection to analyze PSA sialylation in non-cancer sera with < 10 ng/mL of PSA

A larger sample size would be needed to validate the reported findings

The assay should be completed with the inclusion of immunosorbent assays using lectins that recognize other carbohydrate moieties (e.g., fucose)

92% Specific and 69% sensitive for PC over BPH; in comparison, fPSA measurement was 70% specific and 56% sensitive (threshold set to 25% tPSA) for PC over BPH (PSA in the range of 4–10 ng/mL)

Methodology compatible with equipment available in the majority of biomedical laboratories

Increased levels of core-fucosylated bi-antennary glycans and α2,3-linked sialic acids

Decreased tri-antennary tri-galactosylated glycans and tetra-antennary tetra-sialylated glycans with outer arm fucose

All chromatographic peaks significantly differentiated PC patients from BPH patients, with improved AUC values over PSA itself

The glycan level may work in a more general patient population than the free/total PSA ratio

Decreases in tri-antennary tri-galactosylated glycans and/or bisected core fucosylated biantennary monosialylated glycans and increases in tetra-antennary tetra-sialylated glycans correlated with tumour spread and patients’ survival

Limit of quantification of 0.256 pg/mL tPSA, with a dynamic range of at least five digits and limit of detection of LacdiNAc-PSA of 20.0 pg/mL

AUC for LacdiNAc-PSA (0.851) was significantly greater than that for tPSA (0.559), and the optimum cut-off gave low false positivity (40.7%) and high sensitivity (88.4%), with specific distinction between PC and BPH within the PSA grey zone (4.0–20.0 ng/mL PSA)

Comparing with recently reported PSA assays, LacdiNAc-PSA was significantly better than pro-PSA and fPSA

Reduced assay time and minimum consumption of reagents

A larger sample size would be needed to validate the reported findings

The detection could be further improved by reducing the influence of nonspecific reactions between fluorescently labelled WFA and serum proteins

The fucosylated PSA achieved a better predictive power (AUC = 0.7056) when compared with tPSA (AUC = 0.6558)

Using the ratio of fucosylated PSA as a predictive marker, it achieved even better performance when compared with the total serum PSA, in discriminating aggressive from non-aggressive tumours

Decrease in core fucose

Increase in α2,3-sialic acid percentage of PSA

A cut-off value of 0.86 of the PSA core fucose ratio could distinguish high-risk PC patients from BPH with 90% sensitivity and 95% specificity, with an AUC of 0.94

A cut-off value of 30% of the α2,3-sialic acid percentage of PSA discriminated between high-risk PC and the groups of BPH, low-, and intermediate-risk PC, with a sensitivity of 85.7% and specificity of 95.5%, and an AUC of 0.97 (better than using tPSA or %fPSA in the diagnostic grey zone)

The limit of detection of S2,3PSA was 0.05 ng/mL with a %CV < 3.1%

The AUC for the detection of PC for the S2,3PSA ratio (%S2,3PSA) with a cut-off value of 43.85% (0.8340) was much superior than the total PSA (AUC = 0.5062)

The optimum cut-off point giving high specificity (72.0%) at 80% sensitivity was determined to be 42.20% of %S2,3PSA (significantly higher than that for conventional PSA testing)

Assay time < 10 min

Fucosylated PSA-AAL had the best performance (AUC = 0.909), followed by total PSA (AUC = 0.881), fucosylated PSA-LCA (AUC = 0.839), %fucosylated PSA-AAL (AUC = 0.822), and %fucosylated PSA-LCA (AUC = 0.594)

Fucosylated PSA-AAL, %fucosylated PSA-AAL, and fucosylated PSA-LCA levels could be effective biomarkers to differentiate aggressive PC from non-aggressive disease

The combined use of fucosylated PSA and %fucosylated PSA could be used in place of tPSA with potentially improved performance in identifying aggressive disease