Table Info

Table 1.

Metastasis suppressor genes and modulation of TME in BC cell lines

Metastasis suppressor genes	Cell lines	Effect on the TME	References
BRMS1	MDA-231 and MDA-435	Reduced localization of β1 integrin to adhesion-associated cellular protrusions	[44]
KISS1	MDA-MB-31Br and CN34Brm2Ctgl	Overexpression of epithelial marker E-cadherin	[45]
NM23	MDA-MB-435	Suppresses MT1-MMP activity	[46]
GSN	MCF and MDA-MB-231	TGF-β1 signaling leads to epigenetic alterations in gelsolin expression	[47]
CADM1	MCF7	EMT-induced E-cadherin and CADM1 modifications result in enhanced vulnerability to NK cell cytotoxicity	[48]
KAI1	MDA-MB-231	Induces apoptosis by the production of intracellular ROS and downregulates EGFR signaling	[49, 50]
NDRG1	MCF7 and MDA-MB-435	Upregulates E-cadherin and β-catenin by inhibiting SMAD/PSMAD32 and downregulation of TWIST, SNAIL, and SLUG	[51, 52]
RhoGDI2	MDA-MB-231	D4-GDI knockdown inhibits cell growth and invasion through activating Rac-dependent p38 and JNK signaling	[53]
MAPK14	MDA-MB-231, Hs587T, and SUM159	Cell migration, induction of EMT, p38 activation, and genomic regulation of NR4A1 expression by cis-acting-catenin/TCF/LEF complexes are all TGF-induced responses	[54]
GAS1	MDA	Decreases endothelial migration leading to decreased vascularization	[55]

BRMS1: BC metastasis suppressor 1; GSN: gelsolin; CADM1: cell adhesion molecule 1; KAI1: kangai1-anticancer; NDRG1: N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1; RhoGDI2: Rho guanine diphosphate-dissociation inhibitor 2; MAPK14: mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; GAS1: growth arrest specific 1; MT1-MMP: membrane type 1 MMP; ROS: reactive oxygen species; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; PSMAD32: SMAD family member; TWIST: Twist family BHLH transcription factor; SNAIL: Snail family transcriptional repressor; D4-GDI: D4-guanine diphosphate-dissociation inhibitor; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; NR4A1: nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1; TCF: T cell factor; LEF: lymphoid enhancer factor

Declarations

Author contributions

SSS: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SD: Methodology, Investigation, Software, Writing—original draft, Visualization. SH: Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing—review & editing, Project administration, Supervision.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

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Copyright

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