miRNA in diagnosis, monitoring, and progression of RCC

miRNASampleExpressionCommentsReference
miR in RCC diagnosis
miR-210/miR-210-3pUrineUp-regulated

Expressed in response to hypoxia mainly through HIF-1α, a key player of renal carcinogenesis

miR-210 overexpression directly targets HIF-1α expression and suppresses the HIF-1α pathway activation, thereby significantly attenuating the hypoxia induced renal tubular cell apoptosis

[58, 59]
miR-200 family (miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c, miR-141 and miR-429Urine and serumDown-regulated

Act as tumor suppressors markers

Involved in the regulation of EMT, tumor metastasis, tumor stemness maintenance, and chemotherapy resistance process in cancer development

[33, 60, 61]
miR-15aBiopsy and urine samplesUp-regulated

Apoptosis and cell proliferation

Promotes proliferation, invasion, migration, and epithelial mesenchymal transition of ccRCC cells

Accelerates RCC cell viability by downregulating BTG2 and promoting the activity of the P13K/AKTsignalling pathway

[50, 62]
miR-30c-5pUrine exosomesDown-regulated

Modulates the expression of HSPA5 which is correlated with the progression of ccRCC

Associated with increased HIF-2α activity promoting epithelial mesenchymal transition in ccRCC

[63, 64]
miR-497Tissues, blood, and urineDown-regulated

Involved in processes like inflammatory responses, malignant behavior of tumors, and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation

Regulates proliferation of ccRCC via up-regulation of IL-6R

[65]
miR-204-5pUrinary exosomesDown-regulatedActs as a tumor suppressor which suppresses RCC proliferation and invasion by targeting the RABB22A gene[66, 67]
miR-200a-3p/miR-34a-5p/miR-365a-3pUrineDown-Regulated-[68]
miR-28/miR-125/miR-27/miR-let-7f-2TissueUp-regulatedInduced cell mobility and inhibited apoptosis[69]
miRNA in RCC monitoring
miR-210-3pUrineDown-regulated in RCC follow up samples post treatmentUp-regulated miR-210 in RCC promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenesis through the epithelial mesenchymal transition pathway by targeting the TWIST1 gene[69, 70]
miR-let-7d-5p/miR-152-3p/miR-30c-5p/miR-362-3p/miR-30e-3pUrineDown-regulated post-surgery-[68]
miRNA in RCC prognosis
miR-221PlasmaUp-regulated

Enhances tumor cell proliferation through the angiogenesis pathway

Co-related with lower OS rate in patients with metastasis

Promotes cell proliferation, and mobility and inhibits cell apoptosis in 786-O and ACHN cell lines

[69, 71, 72]
miR-122-5p/miR-206SerumUp-regulatedReduced period of progression free, cancer specific, and OS in ccRCC patients[51]
miR-149Plasma, serum, and urineDown-regulatedLoss of miR-149 is linked to the gain of function of the KCNMAI and LOX[56]
miR-9-1, miR-9-2, miR-18a, miR-21, miR-130b, miR-146b, miR-149, miR-183, miR-223, miR-335, miR-365-1, miR-365-2 and miR-625Plasma, serum, and urine-Associated with worse tumor stages and elevated tumor re-occurrence[54]

EMT: epithelial and mesenchymal transition; HSPA5: heat shock protein 5; KCNMAI: oncogenes potassium calcium-activated channelsubfamily m alpha 1; LOX: lysyl oxidase; -: blank sell