Table Info

Table 1.

Mechanisms in favor and against COVID-induced carcinogenesis

Against transitory viral infection	In favor of persistent viral infection
Cytopathic effect: SARS-CoV-2 produces extensive tissue damage and cell death that reduces the chances of tumoral transformation.	Immunosuppression: -Lymphopenia and natural killer (NK) cell reduction. -Exhausted NK and CD8⁺ cells. -Diminished response of interferon. -Induction of pro-tumor cells [myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC), M2 macrophages]. -Decreased CMH-1. -Alterations in autophagy.
Cell cycle stop. Subsequent apoptosis that impedes tumoral transformation.	Hyperinflammatory and protumoral responses, oxidative stress, cytokine storm: -Severe cases of COVID. -Could induce cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, DNA damage, cytoskeletal remodeling and induction of EMT.
Direct oncogenic impact. Downregulation of tumor-suppressing proteins [retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and p53].
Reactivation of oncogenic viruses [human papilloma virus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)]

Against transitory viral infection

In favor of persistent viral infection

Cytopathic effect:

SARS-CoV-2 produces extensive tissue damage and cell death that reduces the chances of tumoral transformation.

Immunosuppression:

-Lymphopenia and natural killer (NK) cell reduction.

-Exhausted NK and CD8⁺ cells.

-Diminished response of interferon.

-Induction of pro-tumor cells [myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC), M2 macrophages].

-Decreased CMH-1.

-Alterations in autophagy.

Cell cycle stop.

Subsequent apoptosis that impedes tumoral transformation.

Hyperinflammatory and protumoral responses, oxidative stress, cytokine storm:

-Severe cases of COVID.

-Could induce cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, DNA damage, cytoskeletal remodeling and induction of EMT.

Direct oncogenic impact.

Downregulation of tumor-suppressing proteins [retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and p53].

Reactivation of oncogenic viruses [human papilloma virus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)]

Declarations

Author contributions

AO, XMR, JLT, NLM, MLV, SP, and VVB: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. PVN: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. AO, XMR, JLT, JZM, and FC: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval is not required in narrative review, according to the institution and relevant policies.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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