Table Info

Table 2.

Comparison of each immunotherapy in terms of major effector, limitation, and undesired adverse effects

Function	TriKEs	CAR-T cells	ICIs	CKTs	mAbs
Functions
Major effector cells	NK cells	T cells	T cells	Various immune cells	Various immune cells
Limitation	Frequent dosing requirement	Excessive immune response	Excessive immune response	Effective dose’s cytotoxicity	Varied effects among people
Limitation	Antigen escape	High costs	Natural pathway inhibition	Uncertain stimulation	Limited penetration accessibility
Adverse effects
Stimulation of CRS	No reports	Anti-CD19 CAR in B-CLL and DLBCL patients [53, 54, 61]	Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 in melanoma and hemotologicmalignancy [79]	No reports	Anti-CD3, anti-CD20, and anti-CD28 [58, 75]
On-target off-tumor cytotoxicity	No reports	Anti-TAG72, anti-B7-H3 [56, 57]	Anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 [70]	No reports	Anti-TNF and anti-EGFR [75]
Neurotoxicity	No reports	Anti-CD19 CAR in B-CLL patients [53, 56]	Anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 [80]	No reports	No reports
Graft-versus-host disease	No reports	Anti-CD19 CAR in B-CLL [53]	Anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 [70]	No reports	No reports
Others	No reports	TLS [56]	Autoim-mune diabetes [70]	Vascular-leak syndrome [44]	No reports

CKTs: cytokine therapies; TAG: tumor-associated glycoprotein; DLBCL: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor

Declarations

Author contributions

PW: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. AP: Writing—review & editing, Supervision. SO: Writing—review & editing, Validation, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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