Table Info

Table 3.

Differential diagnosis for ILICI in the setting of liver biochemistry derangements

Pattern of liver injury	Differentials
Hepatocellular	Disease progression including metastatic disease, hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), adenovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus (VZV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), chronic autoimmune hepatitis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, haemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, other systemic illnesses or infections, alcohol use and other causes of drug induced liver injury.
Cholestatic	Disease progression, infection (e.g., bacterial cholangitis, pyogenic liver abscess), obstruction (malignant or non-malignant aetiology such as gallstone disease), primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, IgG4 disease, bile duct stricture, thromboembolic disease, secondary cholangitis, alcohol use, other systemic illnesses or infections, other causes of drug induced liver injury.

Pattern of liver injury

Differentials

Hepatocellular

Disease progression including metastatic disease, hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), adenovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus (VZV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), chronic autoimmune hepatitis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, haemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, other systemic illnesses or infections, alcohol use and other causes of drug induced liver injury.

Cholestatic

Disease progression, infection (e.g., bacterial cholangitis, pyogenic liver abscess), obstruction (malignant or non-malignant aetiology such as gallstone disease), primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, IgG4 disease, bile duct stricture, thromboembolic disease, secondary cholangitis, alcohol use, other systemic illnesses or infections, other causes of drug induced liver injury.

ILICI: immune-mediated liver injury caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors; IgG4: immunoglobulin G4

Declarations

Author contributions

D Zhuang and D Zhang: Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SR: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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