Table Info

Table 3.

Soluble factors and association with outcomes to immunotherapy in RCC

Candidate biomarker	References	Year	Country	N	Tumor	Detection technique	Timepoint	Type of systemic therapy	Parameter level/trend indicator	Findings
IL-8	Schalper et al. [67]	2020	US	1,344	NSCLC, melanoma and RCC	MAP immunoassay	Pretreatment	Nivolumab	High	Worse OS
IL-8	Yuen et al. [71]	2020	US	1,445	RCC and UC	Simple Plex Ella	Pretreatment	UC: chemotherapy or atezolizumab RCC : atezolizumab plus bevacizumab, atezolizumab or sunitinib	High	Worse OS in atezolizumab NS trend for worse OS in atezolizumab + bevacizumab Lower ORR but NS
IL-8	Carril-Ajuria et al. [28]	2022	France	233	RCC	MSD assay	Pretreatment	Nivolumab	High	Worse OS and PFS
IL-6	Sang et al. [75]	2022	Korea	58	RCC	Cytometric bead array assay	Pretreatment	Pembrolizumab plus axitinib	High	Worse OS and PFS
Il-6	Carril-Ajuria et al. [28]	2022	France	233	RCC	MSD assay	Pretreatment	Nivolumab	High	Worse OS and PFS
IL-1, IL-6, IL-13, MIP-1β, and MCP-1	Saliby et al. [33]	2023	US	60	Variant RCC	Luminex fluorescent bead array platform	Pretreatment	Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab	High	Worse OS and PFS
VEGF-A and sVEGFR2	Mauge et al. [140]	2021	France	200	ccRCC	NA	Pretreatment	Nivolumab	High	Worse PFS
VEGF	Carril-Ajuria et al. [28]	2022	France	233	ccRCC	MSD assay	Pretreatment	Nivolumab	High	Worse OS
VEGF-A	Saliby et al. [33]	2023	US	60	Variant RCC	Luminex fluorescent bead array platform	Pretreatment	Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab	High	Worse OS and PFS
VEGF	Choueiri et al. [78]	2021	US	886	ccRCC	NA	Pretreatment	Aveluzmab plus axitinib	High	No association
CXCL13	Carril-Ajuria et al. [28]	2022	France	44	ccRCC	MSD assay	Pretreatment	Nivolumab	High	Worse OS
BAFF	Carril-Ajuria et al. [28]	2022	France	44	ccRCC	MSD assay	Pretreatment	Nivolumab	High	Worse OS
sPD-L1	Mahoney et al. [82]	2022	US	91	ccRCC	ELISA	Pretreatment	Nivolumab	High	Worse OS
sPD-L1	Incorvaia et al. [85]	2020	Italy	56	ccRCC	ELISA	Pretreatment	Nivolumab	High	Improved PFS
sCD27	Benhamouda et al. [89]	2022	France	81	ccRCC	ELISA	Pretreatment	Nivolumab	High	Worse OS
KIM-1	Albiges et al. [91]	2024	France	778	RCC	Affinity-based proximity extension assay (PEA) High sensitivity electrochemiluminescence (ECL)	Pretreatment	Atezolizumab	High	Reduced DFS Better DFS with atezolizumab vs. placebo

ccRCC: clear cell renal cell carcinoma; DFS: disease-free survival; MAP: human multianalyte profile immunoassay platform; MSD: Meso Scale Discovery assay; NA: not available; NS: non-significant; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; ORR: objective response rate; OS: overall survival; PFS: progression-free survival; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; sCD27: soluble CD27; sPD-L1: soluble PD-L1; SS: statically significant; UC: urothelial carcinoma; US: United States; KIM-1: Kidney-Injury Molecule-1; BAFF: B-cell activating factor; VEGF: vascular-endothelial growth factor

Declarations

Author contributions

LO: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft. MN: Visualization. RF, JGD, JPF, DN, CA, AAS, NC, GdV, and LA: Writing—review & editing. LCA: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft.

Conflicts of interest

RF: Honoraria: Bayer, Astellas, Janssen, BMS, MSD, Ipsen, Pfizer, Merck, Astra Zeneca. NC has provided expertise through participation in scientific advisory boards to AstraZeneca and to Servier and received a research grant from Cytune Pharma, Roche, and Sanofi, although these grants were not on the matter of this manuscript. GdV: grants and personal fees from Pfizer, Roche, and Ipsen; and personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Astellas, Janssen, Bayer, Merck, and MSD. LA: Consulting or Advisory Role: Astellas Pharma (Inst), Bristol:Myers Squibb (Inst), Eisai (Inst), Ipsen (Inst), Janssen (Inst), MSD (Inst), Pfizer (Inst), Roche (Inst). Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: BMS, Ipsen, MSD. LCA: Travel/accomodation: Pfizer, Ipsen, BMS. Honoraria: Ipsen, Janssen. The rest of authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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