Table Info

Table 4.

Circulating tumor-derived biomarkers and association with outcomes to immunotherapy in RCC

Candidate biomarker	References	Year	Country	N	Tumor	Timepoint	Type of systemic therapy	Parameter level/trend indicator	Detection technique	Findings
Circulating tumor cells	Bootsma et al. [106]	2022	US	104	RCC	Pre-treatment	ICI	High	Nikon Ti-E microscope with automated XYZ stage	Worse OS
Circulating tumor cells	Bootsma et al. [106]	2022	US	104	RCC	On-treatment	ICI	Increase	Nikon Ti-E microscope with automated XYZ stage	Worse OS
Circulating tumor DNA	Maia et al. [119]	2017	Brazil	34	RCC	Pretreatment	Different types of systemic therapy, including ICI		College of American Pathology-accredited comprehensive plasma assay	No significant associations
Circulating tumor DNA	Chehrazi-Raffle et al. [120]	2023	US	12	RCC	Pretreatment	ICI	Median VAFs	TARDIS	Distinguished those achieving PR (0.181%) from those with CR (0.007%)
EV microRNA-155-3p	Soleimani et al. [126]	2024	Canada	40	RCC	Pretreatment	-Ipilimumab plus nivolumab -Pembrolizumab plus axitinib -Avelumab plus axitinib		exoRNeasy serum/plasma midi kit Applied Biosystems TaqMan assays TaqMan microRNA RT kit + TaqMan miRNA assay	Lower levels in responders

CR: complete response; ICI: immune checkpoint inhibitors; OS: overall survival; PR: partial response; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; US: United States; EV: extracellular vesicle; miRNAs: micro-ribonucleic acids

Declarations

Author contributions

LO: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft. MN: Visualization. RF, JGD, JPF, DN, CA, AAS, NC, GdV, and LA: Writing—review & editing. LCA: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft.

Conflicts of interest

RF: Honoraria: Bayer, Astellas, Janssen, BMS, MSD, Ipsen, Pfizer, Merck, Astra Zeneca. NC has provided expertise through participation in scientific advisory boards to AstraZeneca and to Servier and received a research grant from Cytune Pharma, Roche, and Sanofi, although these grants were not on the matter of this manuscript. GdV: grants and personal fees from Pfizer, Roche, and Ipsen; and personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Astellas, Janssen, Bayer, Merck, and MSD. LA: Consulting or Advisory Role: Astellas Pharma (Inst), Bristol:Myers Squibb (Inst), Eisai (Inst), Ipsen (Inst), Janssen (Inst), MSD (Inst), Pfizer (Inst), Roche (Inst). Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: BMS, Ipsen, MSD. LCA: Travel/accomodation: Pfizer, Ipsen, BMS. Honoraria: Ipsen, Janssen. The rest of authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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