Different chemotherapeutic drug-loaded LNPs for the effective management of OSCC

NanoparticlesDrug encapsulatedPharmaceutical attributesCell line/animal modelMajor outcomesReference
LiposomesDoxorubicinPS: NA
PDI: NA
ZP: NA
EE: NA		CAL-27 cells

  • Significantly higher apoptosis of CAL-27 cells by showing 2.72 times higher caspase-3 levels compared to the free drug.

  • Much higher c-Myc mRNA inhibition in comparison with the free DOX in the treatment of CAL-27 cells.

[78]
LiposomesErlotinibPS: ~ 200 nm
PDI: 0.38
ZP: +27 mV
EE: > 70%		KB 3-1 cells/Sprague Dawley (SD) rats

  • Excellent stability and controlled release for u to 36 h.

  • ~ 2 times reduction in IC50 value against KB 3-1 cells.

  • Much better therapeutic efficacy against KB 3-1 tumor-bearing SD rats.

[79]
NanoemulsionBerberine & 5-fluorouracilPS: 37.7 nm
PDI: 0.126
ZP: ‒0.7 mV
EE: 94.67%		OC cells & AW13516 cells

  • Excellent mucoadhesive strength and higher ex vivo permeation of drugs across buccal porcine mucosa.

  • 5-Fold improved apoptotic activity against the OC cell line compared to the free 5-fluorouracil.

  • Synergistic anticancer activity against AW13516 oral cancer cells.

[83]
NanoemulsionCurcumin & 5-fluorouracilPS: 196 ± 6.35 nm
PDI: 0.29
ZP: ‒22.50 ± 4.87 mV
EE: NA		SCC090 & SCC152 cells

  • Excellent stability and controlled release of drug for up to 96 h.

  • Represented synergistic anticancer activity against both cell lines.

[84]
MicroemulsionCurcuminPS: 41 ± 3 nm
PDI: NA
ZP: −42.12 ± 1.26 mV
EE: NA		OSCC-25 cells

  • Much higher anticancer activity against OSCC-25 oral cancer cells compared to the free drug.

  • The addition of ultrasound significantly improved the therapeutic effects.

[88]
Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systemLovastatinPS: 85 ± 2 nm
DPI: 0.371 ± 0.006
ZP: +21.6 ± 2.1 mV
EE: NA		HSC3 cells

  • Biphasic drug release profiles.

  • Significantly higher cytotoxicity in comparison to the free drug.

[93]
Solid lipid nanoparticlesAll-trans-retinoic acidPS: < 150 nm
PDI: < 0.4
ZP: > ‒35 mV
EE: NA		SCC-25 cells

  • Improved cellular uptake.

  • Higher dose and time-dependent cytotoxicity compared to the free drug.

[99]
Solid lipid nanoparticlesPaclitaxelPS: 99.12 nm to 603.76 nm
PDI: 0.31 to 0.51
ZP: ‒19.9 mV to ‒27.2 mV
EE: 56.4% to 69.3%		Swiss Albino mice

  • 2.21 times improved bioavailability after intravenous administration.

  • Much higher therapeutic efficacy against 4-nitoquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) induced oral cancer-bearing Swiss Albino mice.

[100]
Nanostructured lipid carriersSilymarinPS: 315.5 ± 0.10 nm
PDI: 0.341 ± 0.01
ZP: +14.01 ± 0.21 mV
EE: 71.05 ± 0.05%		KB cells

  • Represents excellent stability and controlled drug release for up to 5 days.

  • Strong mucoadhesive properties and higher permeation across the mucosal membrane.

  • Significantly higher cytotoxicity.

[105]
Nanostructured lipid carriersQuercetin & PiperinePS: 128.10 ± 32.02 nm
PDI: 0.16 ± 0.050
ZP: ‒17.06 ± 4.73 mV
EE: > 85%		FaDu cells

  • Very fast cellular internalization and localization.

  • Represents synergistic cytotoxicity against FaDu cells.

  • Represent higher depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane with higher induction of apoptosis.

[106]
Lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticlesDoxorubicin & TriptolidePS: 120 ± 5 nm
PDI: 0.12 ± 0.04
ZP: ‒9.7 ± 0.8 mV
EE: ~ 60%		KB cells/H22-tumor-bearing BALB/c-nu mice

  • Drug release at tumoric pH.

  • Higher synergistic cytotoxicity against KB cells.

  • Much higher in vivo anti-tumor efficacy.

[112]
Lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticlesDoxorubicinPS: 100–120 nm
PDI: 0.12
ZP: −8.5 ± 2.4 mV
EE: 82.5 ± 2%		KB cells/H22-tumor-bearing BALB/c-nu mice

  • pH-dependent drug release.

  • Higher cytotoxicity against KB cells compared to the free drug.

  • Much better in vivo therapeutic efficacy.

[113]
Lipid-core nanocapsulesCurcuminPS: 179 ± 48 nm
PDI: 0.26 ± 0.01
ZP: +19.0 ± 3.18 mV
EE: 99.88%		SCC-25 cells

  • Higher mucoadhesion and drug retention on porcine buccal mucosa.

  • The formulation was non-irritant and represents controlled drug release profiles for up to 48 h.

  • Significantly higher dose and time-dependent cytotoxicity against than the free drug.

[119]

PS: particles size; PDI: polydispersity index; ZP: zeta potential; EE: entrapment efficiency; OSCC: oral squamous cell carcinoma; LNPs: lipid-based nanoparticles