Table Info

Table 1.

Summary of studies investigating neoadjuvant immunotherapy in resectable lung cancer

Study	Author, year	Study phase	Study protocol	Study population	Number of patients	MPR (%)	pCR (%)	DFS/EFS/OS (%)
Trials investigating neoadjuvant immunotherapy + chemotherapy
NeoSTAR NCT03158129	Cascone et al. [14], 2023	II	Arm 1: Nivolumab (x3) Arm 2: Nivolumab + Ipilimumab (x1) Arm 3: Nivolumab (x3) + CT Arm 4: Nivolumab (x3) + Ipilimumab (x1) + CT	Resectable IA-IIIA NSCLC	Arm 1: 23 Arm 2: 21 Arm 3: 22 Arm 4: 22	22 38 32.1 50	9 29 18.2 18.2	12 m EFS: 96% (Arm 3) vs. 82% (Arm 4)
CheckMate-816 NCT02998528	Spicer et al. [13], 2023	III	Arm 1: Nivolumab + Platinum CT Arm 2: Platinum CT	Resectable IB-IIIA NSCLC	Arm 1: 179 Arm 2: 179	36.9 8.9	24 2.2	31.6 m (95% CI, 30.2-NR) vs. 20.8 m (95% CI, 14.0 to 26.7) HR 0.63; P = 0.005). 24 m EFS: 63.8% vs. 45.3% OS improvement of 13% in Nivolumab + CT group
No NCT IDN	Shen et al. [15], 2021	I	Pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg + Nab-paclitaxel + Carboplatin (x2)	Resectable stage IIB–IIIB squamous lung	37	45.9	64.9	-
NCT04304248	Zhao et al. [40], 2021	II	Toripalimab + Carboplatin + Pemetrexed/Nab-paclitaxel (x3)	Resectable stage IIIA or T3-4N2 IIIB NSCLC	33	60.6	45.5	-
Lung-Mate001 ChiCTR1900023758	Zhang et al. [37], 2021	II	Sintilimab + Carboplatin + Pemetrexed/Gemcitabine) (x2-4)	Resectable stage IB–IIIA	50	43.3	20	-
Neo-Pre-IC NCT04326153	Sun et al. [41], 2024	II	Sintilimab + Nab-paclitaxel + Carboplatin (x2-3)	Resectable IIIA/IIIB NSCLC	30	65	40	24 m DFS: 75%
No NCT	Duan et al. [42], 2021	I	CT + Immunotherapy	Stage IIA–IIIB NSCLC	23	50	30	-
NCT02716038	Shu et al. [43], 2020	II	Atezolizumab + Carboplatin/Nab-paclitaxel (x2-4)	Resectable IB-IIIA NSCLC	30	57	33	-
NCT03480230	Tfayli et al. [16], 2020	I	Avelumab (x4) + Cisplatin/Carboplatin + Gemcitabine/Pemetrexed (x3)	Stage IB–IIIA NSCLC	15	22	11	-
Trials investigating neoadjuvant immunotherapy
ChiCTR-OIC-17013726	Gao et al. [44], 2020	IB	Sintilimab 200 mg (x2)	Resectable stage IA–IIIB NSCLC	40	40.5	16.2	-
CheckMate-159 NCT02259621	Forde et al. [17], 2018; Reuss et al. [18], 2020	IB/II	Arm 1: Nivolumab (x2) Arm 2: Nivolumab (x3) + Ipilimumab (x1)	Resectable IB-IIIA NSCLC	Arm 1: 21 Arm 2: 9	45 33.3	10 33.3	-
NEOMUN NCT03197467	Eichhorn et al. [45], 2021	II	Pembrolizumab (x2)	Resectable stage II–IIIA	15	27	-	-
IONESCO NCT03030131	Wislez et al. [20], 2022	II	Durvalumab (x3)	IB-IIIA (non-N2) resectable NSCLC	46	19	3	12 m OS—89% (95% CI 75.8% to 95.3%) 12 m DFS—78% (95% CI 63.4% to 87.7%)
NeoCOAST NCT03794544	Cascone et al. [19], 2023	II	Arm 1: Durvalumab Arm 2: Durvalumab + Oleclumab Arm 3: Durvalumab + Monalizumab Arm 4: Durvalumab + Danvatirsen	Stage IA–IIIA NSCLC	Arm 1: 27 Arm 2: 21 Arm 3: 20 Arm 4: 16	12.5 22.2 33.3 33.3	3.7 9.5 10 12.5	-
NCT02927301	Rusch et al. [46], 2023	II	Atezolizumab (x2)	Resectable stage IB–IIIB (non-EGFR/ALK)	143	20	6	-
Trials investigating perioperative immunotherapy +/- chemotherapy
NADIM NCT03081689	Provencio et al. [47], 2020	II	Paclitaxel + Carboplatin + Nivolumab (x3) > Sx > Nivolumab	Resectable stage IIIA NSCLC	46	83	63	24 m PFS 77.1%
NADIM II NCT03838159	Provencio et al. [25], 2022	II	Arm 1: Nivolumab + Platinum CT (x3) > Sx > Nivolumab (x6) Arm 2: Platinum CT	Resectable stage IIIA–IIIB NSCLC	Arm 1: 57 Arm 2: 29	53 14	37 7	24 m OS 85% vs. 63.6% (HR 0.43) 24 m PFS 67.2% vs. 40.9% (HR 0.47)
TOP 1501 NCT02818920	Tong et al. [48], 2022	II	Pembrolizumab (x2) > Sx > Pembrolizumab (x4)	Stage IB–IIIA NSCLC	30	28	-	-
KEYNOTE-671 NCT034256643	Wakelee et al. [24], 2023	III	Arm 1: Pembrolizumab + Platinum CT (x4) > Sx > Pembrolizumab (x13) Arm 2: Placebo + Platinum CT (x4) > Sx > Placebo (x13)	Resectable stage II–IIIB NSCLC	797	30.2 11	18.1 4	24 m EFS—62.4% vs. 40.6% (HR 0.58) 24 m OS: 80.9% vs. 77.6% (P = 0.02)
NEOTORCH4 NCT04158440	Lu et al. [49], 2024	III	Arm 1: Toripalimab + Platinum CT (x3) > Sx > Toripalimab (x13) Arm 2: Placebo + Platinum CT (x3) > Sx > Placebo (x13)	Resectable stage II–III NSCLC	Arm 1: 202 Arm 2: 202	48.5 8.4	24.8 1	mEFS: NE (95% CI, 24.4m–NE) vs. 15.1 m (95% CI, 10.6 m–21.9 m) (HR 0.40)
SAKK 16/14 NCT02572843	Rothschild et al. [22], 2021	II	Docetaxel + Cisplatin (x3) + Durvalumab (x2); > Sx > Durvalumab (x26)	T1-3N2 stage IIIA NSCLC	67	62	18	12 m EFS—73% 12 m OS—91%
AEGEAN NCT03800134	Heymach et al. [23], 2023	III	CT + Durvalumab or placebo (x3) > Sx > Durvalumab or placebo (x12)	Resectable Stage II–IIIB	Arm 1: 366 Arm 2: 374	33.3 12.3	17.2 4.3	EFS NR (31.9 m–NR) vs. 25.9 m (18.9 m–NR), HR 0.68
NCT04316364	Yan et al. [50], 2023	IB	Adebrelimab, Nab-paclitaxel + Carboplatin (x3) > Sx > Adebrelimab (x16)	Resectable stage II–III NSCLC	37	51.4	29.7	-
Trials investigating neoadjuvant IO with radiotherapy
NCT02904954	Altorki et al. [51], 2021	II	Durvalumab alone vs. Durvalumab + Stereotactic RT	Resectable stage I–IIIA	Arm 1: 30 Arm 2: 30	6.7 53.3	26	-
NCT03030131 (IONESCO)	Wislez et al. [20], 2022	II	Durvalumab alone vs. Durvalumab + Stereotactic RT	Stage I–IIIA	Arm 1: 26 Arm 2: 26	-	-	-

m: month; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; CT: chemotherapy; EFS: event free survival; NR: not reached; CI: confidence interval; NCT: National Clinical Trial; IDN: identification number; DFS: disease free survival; PFS: progression free survival; HR: hazard ratio; Sx: surgery; MPR: major pathological response; pCR: pathological complete response; OS: overall survival; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; ALK: anaplastic lymphoma kina

Declarations

Author contributions

TH: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. JH: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. GT: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. DS: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. DB: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. PC: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. LC: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. UN: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Both Figures 1 and 2 were created using BioRender, please refer to the relevant section in the main text for specific information.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Thai AA, Solomon BJ, Sequist LV, Gainor JF, Heist RS. Lung cancer. Lancet. 2021;398:535–54. [DOI] [PubMed]

Thandra KC, Barsouk A, Saginala K, Aluru JS, Barsouk A. Epidemiology of lung cancer. Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2021;25:45–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

NSCLC Meta-analysis Collaborative Group. Preoperative chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet. 2014;383:1561–71. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Spigel DR, Faivre-Finn C, Gray JE, Vicente D, Planchard D, Paz-Ares L, et al. Five-Year Survival Outcomes From the PACIFIC Trial: Durvalumab After Chemoradiotherapy in Stage III Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40:1301–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Gandhi L, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Gadgeel S, Esteban E, Felip E, De Angelis F, et al.; KEYNOTE-189 Investigators. Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy in Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:2078–92. [DOI] [PubMed]

Borghaei H, O’Byrne KJ, Paz-Ares L, Ciuleanu TE, Yu X, Pluzanski A, et al. Nivolumab plus chemotherapy in first-line metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: results of the phase III CheckMate 227 Part 2 trial. ESMO Open. 2023;8:102065. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Socinski MA, Nishio M, Jotte RM, Cappuzzo F, Orlandi F, Stroyakovskiy D, et al. IMpower150 Final Overall Survival Analyses for Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab and Chemotherapy in First-Line Metastatic Nonsquamous NSCLC. J Thorac Oncol. 2021;16:1909–24. [DOI] [PubMed]

Blank CU, Rozeman EA, Fanchi LF, Sikorska K, van de Wiel B, Kvistborg P, et al. Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in macroscopic stage III melanoma. Nat Med. 2018;24:1655–61. [DOI] [PubMed]

Liu J, Blake SJ, Yong MC, Harjunpää H, Ngiow SF, Takeda K, et al. Improved Efficacy of Neoadjuvant Compared to Adjuvant Immunotherapy to Eradicate Metastatic Disease. Cancer Discov. 2016;6:1382–99. [DOI] [PubMed]

10.

Patel SP, Othus M, Chen Y, Wright GP Jr, Yost KJ, Hyngstrom JR, et al. Neoadjuvant-Adjuvant or Adjuvant-Only Pembrolizumab in Advanced Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:813–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

11.

Blank CU, Lucas MW, Scolyer RA, van de Wiel BA, Menzies AM, Lopez-Yurda M, et al. Neoadjuvant Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Resectable Stage III Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2024;[Epub ahead of print]. [DOI] [PubMed]

12.

Forde PM, Spicer J, Lu S, Provencio M, Mitsudomi T, Awad MM, et al.; CheckMate 816 Investigators. Neoadjuvant Nivolumab plus Chemotherapy in Resectable Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:1973–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

Spicer J, Forde PM, Provencio M, Lu S, Wang C, Mitsudomi T, et al. Clinical outcomes with neoadjuvant nivolumab (N) + chemotherapy (C) vs C by definitive surgery in patients (pts) with resectable NSCLC: 3-y results from the phase 3 CheckMate 816 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41:8521. [DOI]

14.

Cascone T, Leung CH, Weissferdt A, Pataer A, Carter BW, Godoy MCB, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in operable non-small cell lung cancer: the phase 2 platform NEOSTAR trial. Nat Med. 2023;29:593–604. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

15.

Shen D, Wang J, Wu J, Chen S, Li J, Liu J, et al. Neoadjuvant pembrolizumab with chemotherapy for the treatment of stage IIB-IIIB resectable lung squamous cell carcinoma. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13:1760–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

16.

Tfayli A, Al Assaad M, Fakhri G, Akel R, Atwi H, Ghanem H, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and Avelumab in early stage resectable nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer Med. 2020;9:8406–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

17.

Forde PM, Chaft JE, Smith KN, Anagnostou V, Cottrell TR, Hellmann MD, et al. Neoadjuvant PD-1 Blockade in Resectable Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1976–86. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

18.

Reuss JE, Anagnostou V, Cottrell TR, Smith KN, Verde F, Zahurak M, et al. Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8:e001282. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

19.

Cascone T, Kar G, Spicer JD, García-Campelo R, Weder W, Daniel DB, et al. Neoadjuvant Durvalumab Alone or Combined with Novel Immuno-Oncology Agents in Resectable Lung Cancer: The Phase II NeoCOAST Platform Trial. Cancer Discov. 2023;13:2394–411. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

20.

Wislez M, Mazieres J, Lavole A, Zalcman G, Carre O, Egenod T, et al. Neoadjuvant durvalumab for resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): results from a multicenter study (IFCT-1601 IONESCO). J Immunother Cancer. 2022;10:e005636. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

21.

Eichhorn F, Klotz LV, Bischoff H, Thomas M, Lasitschka F, Winter H, et al. Neoadjuvant anti-programmed Death-1 immunotherapy by Pembrolizumab in resectable nodal positive stage II/IIIa non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): the NEOMUN trial. BMC Cancer. 2019;19:413. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

22.

Rothschild SI, Zippelius A, Eboulet EI, Savic Prince S, Betticher D, Bettini A, et al.; Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK). SAKK 16/14: Durvalumab in Addition to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Stage IIIA(N2) Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer-A Multicenter Single-Arm Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39:2872–80. [DOI] [PubMed]

23.

Heymach JV, Harpole D, Mitsudomi T, Taube JM, Galffy G, Hochmair M, et al.; AEGEAN Investigators. Perioperative Durvalumab for Resectable Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:1672–84. [DOI] [PubMed]

24.

Wakelee H, Liberman M, Kato T, Tsuboi M, Lee SH, Gao S, et al.; KEYNOTE-671 Investigators. Perioperative Pembrolizumab for Early-Stage Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:491–503. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

25.

Provencio M, Serna-Blasco R, Nadal E, Insa A, García-Campelo MR, Casal Rubio J, et al. Overall Survival and Biomarker Analysis of Neoadjuvant Nivolumab Plus Chemotherapy in Operable Stage IIIA Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NADIM phase II trial). J Clin Oncol. 2022;40:2924–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

26.

Spicer J, Girard N, Provencio M, Wang C, Mitsudomi T, Awad MM, et al. Neoadjuvant nivolumab (NIVO) + chemotherapy (chemo) vs chemo in patients (pts) with resectable NSCLC: 4-year update from CheckMate 816. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42:LBA8010. [DOI]

27.

Feng Y, Guo K, Jin H, Jiang J, Wang M, Lin S. Adverse events of neoadjuvant combination immunotherapy for resectable cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2024;14:1269067. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

28.

Sorin M, Prosty C, Ghaleb L, Nie K, Katergi K, Shahzad MH, et al. Neoadjuvant Chemoimmunotherapy for NSCLC: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2024;10:621–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

29.

Saqi A, Leslie KO, Moreira AL, Lantuejoul S, Shu CA, Rizvi NA, et al. Assessing Pathologic Response in Resected Lung Cancers: Current Standards, Proposal for a Novel Pathologic Response Calculator Tool, and Challenges in Practice. JTO Clin Res Rep. 2022;3:100310. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

30.

Mouillet G, Monnet E, Milleron B, Puyraveau M, Quoix E, David P, et al.; Intergroupe Francophone de Cancérologie Thoracique (IFCT). Pathologic complete response to preoperative chemotherapy predicts cure in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: combined analysis of two IFCT randomized trials. J Thorac Oncol. 2012;7:841–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

31.

Schreiner W, Gavrychenkova S, Dudek W, Rieker RJ, Lettmaier S, Fietkau R, et al. Pathologic complete response after induction therapy-the role of surgery in stage IIIA/B locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10:2795–803. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

32.

Waser NA, Adam A, Schweikert B, Vo L, McKenna M, Breckenridge M, et al. 1243P Pathologic response as early endpoint for survival following neoadjuvant therapy (NEO-AT) in resectable non-small cell lung cancer (rNSCLC): Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 2020;31:S806. [DOI]

33.

Deutsch JS, Cimino-Mathews A, Thompson E, Provencio M, Forde PM, Spicer J, et al. Association between pathologic response and survival after neoadjuvant therapy in lung cancer. Nat Med. 2024;30:218–28. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

34.

Chaft JE, Shyr Y, Sepesi B, Forde PM. Preoperative and Postoperative Systemic Therapy for Operable Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40:546–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

35.

Kalvapudi S, Vedire Y, Yendamuri S, Barbi J. Neoadjuvant therapy in non-small cell lung cancer: basis, promise, and challenges. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1286104. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

36.

Maio M, Ascierto PA, Manzyuk L, Motola-Kuba D, Penel N, Cassier PA, et al. Pembrolizumab in microsatellite instability high or mismatch repair deficient cancers: updated analysis from the phase II KEYNOTE-158 study. Ann Oncol. 2022;33:929–38. [DOI] [PubMed]

37.

Qiu B, Guo W, Zhang F, Lv F, Ji Y, Peng Y, et al. Dynamic recurrence risk and adjuvant chemotherapy benefit prediction by ctDNA in resected NSCLC. Nat Commun. 2021;12:6770. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

38.

Ren S, Feng L, Liu H, Mao Y, Yu Z. Gut microbiome affects the response to immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Thorac Cancer. 2024;15:1149–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

39.

Del Giudice T, Staropoli N, Tassone P, Tagliaferri P, Barbieri V. Gut Microbiota Are a Novel Source of Biomarkers for Immunotherapy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Cancers (Basel). 2024;16:1806. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

40.

Zhao ZR, Yang CP, Chen S, Yu H, Lin YB, Lin YB, et al. Phase 2 trial of neoadjuvant toripalimab with chemotherapy for resectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncoimmunology. 2021;10:1996000. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

41.

Sun C, Wang X, Xu Y, Shao G, Chen X, Liu Y, et al. Efficiency and safety of neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibitor (sintilimab) combined with chemotherapy in potentially resectable stage IIIA/IIIB non-small cell lung cancer: Neo-Pre-IC, a single-arm phase 2 trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;68:102422. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

42.

Duan H, Wang T, Luo Z, Tong L, Dong X, Zhang Y, et al. Neoadjuvant programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy in resectable non-small cell lung cancer: an open-label, multicenter, single-arm study. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2021;10:1020–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

43.

Shu CA, Gainor JF, Awad MM, Chiuzan C, Grigg CM, Pabani A, et al. Neoadjuvant atezolizumab and chemotherapy in patients with resectable non-small-cell lung cancer: an open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:786–95. [DOI] [PubMed]

44.

Gao S, Li N, Gao S, Xue Q, Ying J, Wang S, et al. Neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibitor (Sintilimab) in NSCLC. J Thorac Oncol. 2020;15:816–26. [DOI] [PubMed]

45.

Eichhorn F, Klotz LV, Kriegsmann M, Bischoff H, Schneider MA, Muley T, et al. Neoadjuvant anti-programmed death-1 immunotherapy by pembrolizumab in resectable non-small cell lung cancer: First clinical experience. Lung Cancer. 2021;153:150–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

46.

Rusch VW, Nicholas A, Patterson GA, Waqar SN, Toloza EM, Haura EB, et al. Surgical results of the Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium 3 trial: A phase II multicenter single-arm study to investigate the efficacy and safety of atezolizumab as neoadjuvant therapy in patients with stages IB-select IIIB resectable non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2023;165:828–39.e5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

47.

Provencio M, Nadal E, Insa A, García-Campelo MR, Casal-Rubio J, Dómine M, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and nivolumab in resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NADIM): an open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:1413–22. [DOI] [PubMed]

48.

Tong BC, Gu L, Wang X, Wigle DA, Phillips JD, Harpole DH Jr, et al. Perioperative outcomes of pulmonary resection after neoadjuvant pembrolizumab in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022;163:427–36. [DOI] [PubMed]

49.

Lu S, Zhang W, Wu L, Wang W, Zhang P; Neotorch Investigators; Fang W, Xing W, Chen Q, Yang L, Mei J, Tan L, et al. Perioperative Toripalimab Plus Chemotherapy for Patients With Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The Neotorch Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;331:201–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

50.

Yan W, Zhong WZ, Liu YH, Chen Q, Xing W, Zhang Q, et al. Adebrelimab (SHR-1316) in Combination With Chemotherapy as Perioperative Treatment in Patients With Resectable Stage II to III NSCLCs: An Open-Label, Multicenter, Phase 1b Trial. J Thorac Oncol. 2023;18:194–203. [DOI] [PubMed]

51.

Altorki NK, McGraw TE, Borczuk AC, Saxena A, Port JL, Stiles BM, et al. Neoadjuvant durvalumab with or without stereotactic body radiotherapy in patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: a single-centre, randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22:824–35. [DOI] [PubMed]