Table Info

Table 1.

Cytotoxic effects and bioactive constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants [see Figures 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3 for the chemical structures (of the compounds) indicated in the table by numbers in the brackets]

Botanical name/family/plantpart(s)	Traditional use(s)	Potential bioactive compound(s)	Cytotoxic effects
Acanthospermum hispidum DC Asteraceae Flowering shoots, aerial parts	Cancer	Melampolides (3) Cis,cis-germacranolides (4)	Methanol extract on COR-L23 (IC₅₀: 8.87 ± 0.90 μg/mL), MCF-7 (IC₅₀: 13.50 ± 1.00 μg/mL) and C32 (IC₅₀: 13.54 ± 0.8 μg/mL) cell lines [38] Methanol fraction on RD cell line (IC₅₀: 19.65 ± 1.23 μg/mL) [39] Methanol extract on 5637 (IC₅₀: 9.37 ± 1.98 μg/mL), MCF-7 (IC₅₀: 19.92 ± 8.94 μg/mL) and A-427 (IC₅₀: 16.70 ± 2.32 μg/mL) cell lines [40]
Afzelia africana Sm. Ex Pers Fabaceae Leaves, stem bark	Pain, malaria, gonorrhea, and leprosy		Methanol extract on HEK (IC₅₀: 0.65 μg/mL) [41] Methanol extract on HEK (IC₅₀: 0.54 μg/mL) [41] Ethyl acetate extract on PC-3 (IC₅₀: 12.5 μg/mL) and MCF-7 (IC₅₀: 14.5 μg/mL) [42]
Ageratum conyzoides Linn. Asteraceae	Epilepsy, wounds, insect repellent, burns, cuts and sore and throat infections	7,3',5'-Tri-O-methyltricetin (5) Precocene II (6) 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone (7) 5,6,7,3',4',5'-hexamethoxyflavone (8)	Petroleum ether extract on SGC-7901 (IC₅₀: 13.77 μg/mL), A549 (IC₅₀: 14.06 μg/mL), and P-388 (IC₅₀: 0.71 μg/mL) cancer cell lines [43] Ethyl acetate extract on A-549 (IC₅₀: 0.68 μg/mL), SGC-7901 (IC₅₀: 14.38 μg/mL), P-388 (IC₅₀: 0.0003 μg/mL), and DU-145 (IC₅₀: 9.90 μg/mL) cancer cell lines [43] Ethanol extract on P-388 (IC₅₀: 1.73 μg/mL) [43] 7,3',5'-Tri-O-methyltricetin (5) (IC₅₀: 12.8 µM), Precocene II (6) (IC₅₀: 24.8 µM), 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone (7) (IC₅₀: 3.5 µM) and 5,6,7,3',4',5'-hexamethoxyflavone (8) (IC₅₀: 7.8 μM) on P-388 cell line [44] Precocene II (6) (IC₅₀: 61 μM) on the HT-29 cancer cell line [44]
Allanblackia floribunda Oliv Guttiferae	Malaria, dysentery		Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 14.7 ± 0.23 μg/mL), BT-20 (IC₅₀: 48.3 ± 2.90 μg/mL), PC-3 (IC₅₀: 29.4 ± 0.69 μg/mL) and SW-480 (IC₅₀: 57.1 ± 1.16 μg/mL) [45]
Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae Leaves	Cancer	Zoapatanolide A (9) Agathisflavone (10) 1,2-bis(2,6-dimethoxy-4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)ethane (anacardicin) (11) Methyl gallate (12)	Acetone extract on HeLa cells (IC₅₀: 36.2 ± 9.8 μM) [46]
Annona muricata L. Annonaceae Leaves, roots, twigs	Cancer, fever, diarrhea, diabetes, headaches, gastric disorders, rheumatism, arthritic pain	Muricin J (13) Muricin K (14) Muricin L (15) Annomuricin A (16) Annomuricin B (17) Annomuricin C (18) Annomuricin E (19) Annohexocin (20) Muricapentocin (21) Annopentocin A (22) Annopentocin B (23) Annopentocin C (24)	Acetogenin-enriched fraction on PC-3 (IC₅₀: 57 μg/mL) [47] Ethanol extract on PC-3 (IC₅₀: 63 μg/mL) [47], HL-60 (IC₅₀: 14 ± 2.4 μg/mL), EACC (IC₅₀: 335.85 µg/mL), MDA-MB-231 (IC₅₀: 248.77 µg/mL) and SKBR3 (IC₅₀: 202.33 µg/mL) cancer cell lines [48] Aqueous extract on MCF-7 (IC₅₀: 221.67 ± 1.67 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231 (IC₅₀: 350 ± 5.77 μg/mL), and 4T1 (IC₅₀: 251.67 ± 6.01 μg/mL) cancer cells [49] Ethyl acetate extract on MCF-7 (IC₅₀: 6.39 ± 0.43 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231 (IC₅₀: 11.36 ± 0.67 μg/mL), A549 (IC₅₀: 5.09 ± 0.41 μg/mL), HepG2 (IC₅₀: 9.3 ± 0.91 μg/mL), WRL-68 (IC₅₀: 47.10 ± 1.23 μg/mL) [50], HCT-116 (IC₅₀: 8.98 ± 1.24 μg/mL) and HT-29 (IC₅₀: 11.43 ± 1.87 μg/mL) cancer cells [51] Ethanol extract on HL-60 (IC₅₀: 9 ± 0.8 μg/mL) [52] Ethanol extract on HL-60 (IC₅₀: 49 ± 3.2 μg/mL) [52]
Bidens pilosa L Compositae	Ear infection, cough, diarrhea		Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 43.1 ± 6.09 μg/mL), BT-20 (IC₅₀: 53.7 ± 2.16 μg/mL), PC-3 (IC₅₀: 47.7 ± 2.69 μg/mL) and Jurkat (IC₅₀: 75.6 ± 1.06 μg/mL) [45]
Breynia nivos (W.Bull) Small Phyllanthaceae Leaves	Headaches, toothaches, tooth infections, fever and malaria	Cristatin A (25)	Cristatin A (25) on L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line (IC₅₀: 13.9 μM) [53] Methanol extract on HepG2 cell line (38.73% cytotoxic) [54]
Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. Crassulaceae	Respiratory tract infections, antibacterial		Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 48.2 ± 1.56 μg/mL), BT-20 (IC₅₀: 82.4 ± 0.17 μg/mL) and PC-3 (IC₅₀: 48.3 ± 1.05 μg/mL) [45]
Byrsocarpus coccineus Schumach. & Thonn. Connaraceae Bark, leaves	Jaundice, pile, gonorrhea, venereal disease, impotence		Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 24.6 ± 0.99 μg/mL), BT-20 (IC₅₀: 52.9 ± 4.11 μg/mL), PC-3 (IC₅₀: 43.7 ± 1.02 μg/mL) and Jurkat (IC₅₀: 65.2 ± 0.87 μg/mL) [45] Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 18.6 ± 4.85 μg/mL), BT-20 (IC₅₀: 31.3 ± 0.53 μg/mL), PC-3 (IC₅₀: 29.1 ± 0.64 μg/mL) and Jurkat (IC₅₀: 43.4 ± 1.77 μg/mL) [45]
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw Fabaceae Roots	Stimulant, emmenagogue, abortifacient, fever, malaria	Vouacapen-5α-ol (26) Pulcherrimin A (27) Pulcherrimin B (28) Pulcherrimin C (29) Pulcherrimin E (30)	Chloroform extract on MCF-7 (IC₅₀: 15.65 ± 0.21 μM to 36.49 ± 1.39 μM), HeLa (IC₅₀: 7.02 ± 0.31 μM to 27.59 ± 0.26 μM) and PC-3 (IC₅₀: 15.64 ± 1.30 μM to 27.59 ± 0.26 μM) cell lines [55].
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Fabaceae Leaves	Smallpox, chicken pox, malaria, breast cancer [45]	Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (31) α-Amyrin (32) β-Sitosterol (33) Pinostrobin (34) Longistylins A (35) Longistylins C (36)	Methanol extract on COR-L23 (IC₅₀: 9.81 ± 0.00 μg/mL) and MCF-7 (16.08 ± 3.30 μg/mL) cell lines [38] Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 56.1 ± 10.09 μg/mL), BT-20 (IC₅₀: 56.8 ± 2.60 μg/mL), PC-3 (IC₅₀: 50.5 ± 0.76 μg/mL) and SW-480 (IC₅₀: 52 ± 0.53 μg/mL) [45]
Calliandra portoricensis Jacq. Benth Leguminosae Roots	Cancer, analgesic, anti-ulcerogenic and anticonvulsant	Neurolenin B (37) Nigrosporolide (38) trans-Geranic acid (39)	Methanol extract on PC-3 inhibited proliferation by 84% and LNCaP (63%) [56] Methanol fraction on LNCaP (IC₅₀: 2.4 ± 0.2 µg/mL), DU-145 (IC₅₀: 3.3 ± 0.2 µg/mL) and A549 (IC₅₀: 3.6 µg/mL) cancer cells [57] Ethyl acetate fraction on RD cells (IC₅₀: 0.82 ± 0.08 μg/mL) [39]
Citrus aurantium L. Rutaceae Root bark	Cancer and inflammatory diseases	Citrusinine-I (40) Citracridone-I (41) 5-hydroxynoracronycine (42) Natsucitrine-I (43) Glycofolinine (44) Citracridone-III (45)	Dichloromethane fraction on A549 (IC₅₀: 3.88 ± 0.58 μg/mL), HepG2 (IC₅₀: 5.73 ± 0.99 μg/mL), MCF-7 (IC₅₀: 5.12 ± 0.54 μg/mL) and PC-3 (IC₅₀: 4.72 ± 0.23 μg/mL) Methanol fraction on A549 (IC₅₀: 88.9 ± 1.23 μg/mL), HepG2 (IC₅₀: 92.7 ± 4.11 μg/mL), MCF-7 (IC₅₀: 90.6 ± 4.54 μg/mL) and PC-3 (IC₅₀: 78.2 ± 2.14 μg/mL) Flavonoid fraction on AGS cells (IC₅₀: 99 μg/mL) [58], A549 (IC₅₀: 230 μg/mL) [59] and HepG2 (IC₅₀: 75 µg/mL) cells [60]
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth Rutaceae Leaves, stem bark	Cancer	3-(1,1-dimethyl allyl) xanthyletin (46) Gravelliferone (47) Excavatin D (48) 7-[(E)-7-hydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2,5-dienyloxyl]-coumarin (49) Phellopterin (50)	Methanol fraction on RD cell line (IC₅₀: 8.83 ± 0.59 μg/mL) [38] On HeLa cells: IC₅₀: 1.14 ± 0.16 μg/ mL (46) IC₅₀: 1.81 ± 0.09 μg/ mL (47) IC₅₀: 2.98 ± 0.22 μg/ mL (48) IC₅₀: 1.27 ± 0.03 μg/ mL (49) IC₅₀: 2.36 ± 0.08 μg/ mL (50) [61]
	Cancer	Murrayamine-A (51) 1-O-Methylclausenolide (52)	IC₅₀: 3.26 ± 0.14 μg/ mL on HeLa cells [61]
Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E. H. Walker Asteraceae Leaves	Eye diseases, paralysis, epilepsy, convulsion, tuberculosis, and asthma	Stigmast-5, 22-dien-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (53) 2, 3-dihydroxylpropyl hexacosanoate (54)	Chloroform sub-fraction 1 (GI₅₀: 63.64 ± 1.33 μg/mL); sub-fraction 2 (GI₅₀: 62.24 ± 0.18 μg/mL); sub-fraction 3 (GI₅₀: 43.64 ± 0.7 μg/mL) and sub-fraction 4 (GI₅₀: 79.89 ± 2.67 μg/mL) on MCF-7 cancer cells [62] Stigmast-5, 22-dien-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (GI₅₀: 40.83 ± 0.1 μg/mL and 58.83 ± 11.2 μg/mL) for MCF-7 and NCI-H460 cancer cell lines, respectively 2, 3-dihydroxylpropyl hexacosanoate (GI₅₀: 22.67 ± 1.33 μg/mL and 34 ± 5.6 μg/mL) for MCF-7 and NCI-H460 cancer cell lines, respectively [62]
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn Poaceae Roots	Diarrhoea, dysentery		Methanol fraction on RD cell line (IC₅₀: 11.42 ± 1.01 μg/mL) [39] Hexane extract on HeLa (IC₅₀: 466.3 ± 24.6 μg/mL) and A549 (IC₅₀: 688.9 ± 60.1 μg/mL); Butanol extract on HeLa (IC₅₀: 398.5 ± 24.9 μg/mL) and A549 (IC₅₀: 753.7 ± 56.6 μg/mL) [63]
Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Fabaceae Leaves	Inflammatory tumours and bronchitis		Methanol extract (IC50: 2.07 ± 1.30 μg/mL and 11.84 ± 1.18 μg/mL) on HeLa and MCF-7, respectively [64]
Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan Fabaceae	Emetic, respiratory problems	Erythrofordins D (55) Erythrofordins E (56)	Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 0.55 ± 0.18 μg/mL), BT-20 (IC₅₀: 0.50 ± 0.03 μg/mL), PC-3 (IC₅₀: 1.30 ± 0.14 μg/mL), SW-480 (IC₅₀: 0.80 ± 0.11 μg/mL) and Jurkat (IC₅₀: 0.20 ± 0.05 μg/mL) [45]
Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. Rutaceae Roots	Antimicrobial, genitourinary tract infection, sickle cell anemia, stomach disorders, sterility, and toothaches	Fagaronine (57)	Fagaronine (57) (IC₅₀ = 3 × 10^–6M) on K562 cancer cells [65] Aqueous extract on PC-3 (IC₅₀: 25 ± 2.8 μg/mL), DU-145 (IC₅₀: 25 ± 2.6 μg/mL), LNCaP (IC₅₀: 39 ± 3.5 μg/mL), and CWR-22 (IC₅₀: 44 ± 3.8 μg/mL) prostate cancer cell lines [66] Dichloromethane: methanol (1:1) extract percent growth inhibition on A549 (72%), PC-3 (71%), NCI-H322 (79%), and T47D (79%) cancer cells [67]
Ficus sur Forssk. Moraceae Leaves	Cancer		Methanol fraction on RD cell line (IC₅₀: 19.23 ± 3.21 μg/mL) [39]
Hoslundia opposita Vahl. Labiatae	Abdominal pains, epilepsy, neurotic disorders [45]		Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 76.4 ± 7.89 μg/mL), BT-20 (IC₅₀: 56.1 ± 1.57 μg/mL) and PC-3 (IC₅₀: 59.7 ± 8.11 μg/mL) [45]
Hymemocardia acida Tul. Hymenocardiaceae Stem bark	Used to treat hemorrhoids, chest pain, eye infections, migraine, skin diseases, abscesses, and tumors	Lupeol (58)	Methanol extract on H460 (IC50: 20.80 ± 6.10 μg/mL); MCF-7 (38.70 ± 0.80 μg/mL) and HCT116 (42.90 ± 0.20 μg/mL) [68]
Jatropha curcas Wall. Euphorbiaceae	Purgative, galactagogue, anticonvulsant ringworm, eczema, ulcer		Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 21.3 ± 0.38 μg/mL) and BT-20 (IC₅₀: 33.4 ± 0.70 μg/mL) [45]
Justicia insularis T. Anderson Acanthaceae Leaves	Digestive, weaning agent, laxative, and nutritional purposes	16-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olide (59) 16-oxo-cleroda-3,13(14)E-dien-15-oic acid (60)	16-hydroxy- cleroda-3,13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olide (59) on OVCAR-4 (IC₅₀: 5.7 ± 0.3 μM); OVCAR-8 (IC₅₀: 4.4 ± 0.2 μM) 16-oxo-cleroda-3,13(14)E-dien-15-oic acid on OVCAR-4 (IC₅₀: 16.6 ± 2.8 μM) and OVCAR-8 (60) (IC₅₀: 11.8 ± 0.5 μM) [69]
Kigelia pinnata (Lam.) Benth. Bignoniaceae Leaves, stem bark	Cancers, dysentery, syphilis, eczema, fungal infections, convulsions	(9Z, 12Z)-methyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate (61) Norviburtinal (62) and β-sitosterol (33)	Ethanol (IC₅₀: 151.3 ± 0.9 ng/mL), Hexane (IC₅₀: 143.4 ± 0.5 ng/mL), and methanol (IC₅₀: 147.9 ± 1.3 ng/mL) fractions on RD human tissue cell line [70] Dichloromethane extract on G361 (IC₅₀: 2.3 ± 0.1 µg/mL) cancer cells [71]
Landolphia dulcis var. barteri (Stapf) Pichon Apocynaceae Stem bark	Rheumatism, cough, kidney diseases, antibacterial		Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 16.3 ± 4.31 μg/mL) [45]
Lannea nigritana (Sc. Elliot) Keay Anacardiaceae Leaves, stem bark, roots	None		Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 48.2 ± 3.52 μg/mL) and Jurkat (IC₅₀: 53.5 ± 0.35 μg/mL) [45]
Lecaniodiscus cupanioides Planch. ex Benth. Sapindaceae Leaves, stem	Cancer, laxative, galactogen, hepatomegaly, antibacterial, burns, wound, and cough	Phenolic constituents	Methanol fraction on RD cell line (IC₅₀: 17.23 ± 1.98 μg/mL) [39]
	Breast cancer	3-O-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl- (1_→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-]-hederagenin (63) 3-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-]-hederagenin (64)	IC₅₀ of compound (63) on H-116, A-549, and HT-29 cell lines: 5.0 μg/mL, 2.5 μg/mL, and 2.5 μg/mL, respectively IC₅₀ of compound (64) on H-116, A-549, and HT-29 cell lines: 2.5 μg/mL, 5.0 μg/mL, and 5.0 μg/mL respectively [72]
Macaranga barteri Müll.Arg. Euphorbiaceae Leaves	Malaria, diabetes, bronchitis and cancer	3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (65) Acteoside (66) Kaempferol-7-O-glucoside (67) and Bastadin 11 (68)	Dichloromethane fraction on RD cell line (IC₅₀: 0.22 ± 0.01 μg/mL) [39]
Mimosa pudica Linn. Mimosaceae Leaves	Kidney problems, fistula, cancer	Mimosine (69) Derivative of Myricetin: 2-(2’,6’-dimethyl-3’,4’,5’-alkyl or hydroxy alkyl substituted phenyl)-3-oxy-(alkyl or hydroxy alkyl)- 5,7-dihydroxy-chromen-4-one (70–85) R1, R2, R3 & R4 can be any of the four groups: 1: [2,4-dioxy bute-1,3-diene-1-ol] (70–73) 2: [7-oxy-2,4,6-heptatriene] (74–77) 3: [6-oxy-1,3,5-hexatriene] (78–81) 4: [1,3-butadiene] (82–85)	Methanol fraction on RD cell line (IC₅₀: 2.03 ± 0.11 μg/mL) [39] Brine shrimp lethality assay of methanol extract (LC₅₀: 282.35 µg/mL) [73] Brine shrimp lethality assay of methanol extract (LC₅₀: 459.26 µg/mL) [74] Derivative of myricetin on A549 (76.67 ± 4.27 μg/mL) and K562 (287.63 ± 18.64 μg/mL) cell lines [75]
Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Leaves, seeds	Fever, asthma, cough, blood pressure, arthritis, diabetes, epilepsy, wound, and skin infection	Glucomoringin (86) Niazimicin (87) β-Sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (88) 4(α-l-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate (89)	Aqueous extract on A549 cells (65% inhibition) [76] Aqueous extract on KB cell line (85% inhibition) [77] Dichloromethane extract on HepG2, Caco-2 and MCF-7 (IC₅₀: 120.37 ± 2.55 μg/mL, 112.46 ± 3.74 μg/mL and 133.58 ± 2.47 µg/mL, respectively) [78] Aqueous extract on A549 cells (IC₅₀: 166.7 μg/mL) [79] Ethyl acetate fraction on Hep-2 cell line (IC₅₀: 12.5 ± 0.5 µg/mL) [80] Aqueous extract on Pac-1 (IC₅₀: 1.1 mg/mL), COLO 357 (IC₅₀: 1.8 mg/mL) and p34 (IC₅₀: 1.5 mg/mL) cell lines [81] Aqueous extract on SW48 (IC₅₀: 105.47 ± 23.50 μg/mL), SW480 (IC₅₀: 200.26 ± 27.64 μg/mL) and HCT-15 (IC₅₀: 266.67 ± 18.53 μg/mL) [82] Ethanol extract on SW48 (IC₅₀: 102.40 ± 16.08 μg/mL), SW480 (IC₅₀: 197.20 ± 32.52 μg/mL) and HCT15 (IC₅₀: 264.83 ± 23.33 μg/mL) [82] Essential oil on MCF-7 (IC₅₀: 226.1 µg/mL), HeLa (IC₅₀: 422.8 µg/mL) and HepG2 (IC₅₀: 751.9 µg/mL) [83] Glucomoringin (86) on H460 wild-type (IC₅₀: 29.07 ± 0.76 µΜ), its subline H460 S5 (18.60 ± 6.65 µΜ), MCF7 π (IC₅₀: 21.08 ± 5.67 µΜ), MCF-7 NEO (19.76 ± 4.38 µΜ) [84] Niazimicin (87) (IC₅₀: 35.3 μg/mL), β-sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (88) (IC₅₀: 27.9 μg/mL), 4(α-l-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate (89) (IC₅₀: 32.7 μg/mL) on induction of EBV-EA [85, 86]
Nauclea latifolia J. E. Smith Rubiaceae Stem bark	Cough, jaundice, stomach disorder, malaria fever, and cancer		Methanol fraction (100%), (IC₅₀: 28.56 ± 0.34 μg/mL and 22.52 ± 0.34 μg/mL); Methanol: ethyl acetate fraction 1 (neutral fraction), (IC₅₀: 3.23 ± 0.12 μg/mL and 13.15 ± 0.41 μg/mL); Fraction 2 (basic fraction), (IC₅₀: 20.51 ± 0.28 μg/mL and 16.96 ± 0.44 μg/mL); fraction 3 (acidic fraction), (IC₅₀: 61.98 ± 0.25 μg/mL and 69.60 ± 0.37 μg/mL); hexane/ethylacetate fraction (IC₅₀: 16.70 ± 0.22 μg/mL and 8.97 ± 0.42 μg/mL) for MCF-7 and RD cancer cell lines, respectively [87]
Olax mannii Oliv. Olacaceae	Cancer and inflammation	Kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (90)	Kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (90) (IC50: 50 μM) against human K562 chronic myelogenous leukaemia cells [88]
Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth. Mimosaceae	Diarrhea and stomach aches, severe cough, wounds, dental caries, and sexually transmitted diseases		Petroleum ether (IC₅₀: 5.4 ± 0.10 μg/mL) and ethyl acetate (IC₅₀: 9.0 ± 0.34 μg/mL) fractions against SK-LU-1 lung carcinoma cell lines [89] Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 100.0 ± 0.67 μg/mL), BT-20 (IC₅₀: 125.0 ± 2.21 μg/mL), PC-3 (IC₅₀: 56.1 ± 0.45 μg/mL) and SW-480 (IC₅₀: 136.0 ± 0.81 μg/mL) [45]
Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees. Acanthaceae	Skin-related ailments, an antidote for snake poison, insect repellant		Partially purified fraction on KB (IC₅₀: 3.50 ± 0.21 µg/mL) [90] Essential oil on MCF-7 (18.9 ± 5.7 µg/mL) and MDA-MB-468 (66.6 ± 36.8 µg/mL) [91] Chloroform (IC₅₀: 6.21 ± 0.70 µg/mL), ethyl acetate (23.39 ± 3.92 µg/mL) and methanol fractions (22.43 ± 3.58 µg/mL) on HeLa cells; Chloroform (IC₅₀: 1.98 ± 0.33 µg/mL), ethyl acetate (8.57 ± 1.91 µg/mL) and methanol fractions (28.24 ± 5.57 µg/mL) on MRC5-SV2 cancer cells [92]
Pterocarpus santalinoides L’Hér. ex DC. Fabaceae	Insecticidal, larvicidal		Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 57.9 ± 0.35 μg/mL) and Jurkat (IC₅₀: 10.2 ± 0.25 μg/mL) [45]
Secamone afzelii (Roem. & Schult.) K.Schum. Asclepiadaceae Leaves	Astringent, anthelminthic, cancer		Methanol fraction on RD cell line (IC₅₀: 11.99 ± 2.01 μg/mL) [39]
Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae	Malaria, ulcer, fever		Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 10.3 ± 0.21 μg/mL), BT-20 (IC₅₀: 41.1 ± 1.05 μg/mL), PC-3 (IC₅₀: 37.1 ± 0.18 μg/mL) and Jurkat (IC₅₀: 42.3 ± 0.79 μg/mL) [45]
Solanum erianthum D.Don Solanaceae Leaves	Treatment of sores and skin irritations	α-Terpinolene (91) α-Phellandrene (92) p-Cymene (93) β-Pinene (94)	Volatile oil on Hs 578T (IC₅₀: 0.63 µg/mL) and PC-3 (IC₅₀: 2.05 µg/mL) cells [93]
Spondias mombin Jacq. Anacardiaceae Leaves	Diarrhoea, dysentery, inflammation, antimalarial	β-Caryophyllene (95) γ-Cadinene (96)	Brine shrimp lethality assay of oils from fresh leaves (LC₅₀: 0.01 μg/mL) and dried leaves (LC₅₀: 4.78 μg/mL) [94] Allium cepa L. assay of aqueous extract (EC₅₀: 1.3 mg/mL) [95]
Terminalia ivorensis A.Chev. Combretaceae Stem bark	Stomach ache, arthritis, constipation [96], cancer [39]		Methanol fraction on RD cell line (IC₅₀: 13.42 ± 0.92 μg/mL) [39]
Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub Leguminosae	Sickle cell		Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 9.1 ± 1.40 μg/mL), BT-20 (IC₅₀: 23.1 ± 7.05 μg/mL) and Jurkat (IC₅₀: 37.5 ± 5.13 μg/mL) [45]
Triclisia subcordata Oliv. Menispermeaceae Roots	Antiulcer and antimicrobial	Cycleanine (97)	Ethanol extract on ovarian cancer (Ovcar-8) cells (IC₅₀: 2.4 ± 0.5 μg/mL) [97]
Vernonia amygdalina Del. Asteraceae Leaves	Anti-malarial, anti-microbial, antidiabetic	Vernodalin (98)	Ethanol extract on MCF-7 (IC₅₀: 56 µg/mL at 72 h) and MDA-MB-231 (IC₅₀: 46 µg/mL at 72 h) [98]; MCF-7 (IC₅₀: 5.68 ± 2 μg/mL) [99]
Vitex doniana Sweet Verbenaceae Bark, root	Gastroenteritis, diarrhea, antimicrobial		Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 62.5 ± 0.23 μg/mL), BT-20 (IC₅₀: 171.1 ± 1.33 μg/mL), SW-80 (IC₅₀: 89.2 ± 6.65 μg/mL) and Jurkat (IC₅₀: 84.0 ± 1.13 μg/mL) [45] Methanol extract on BT-549 (IC₅₀: 44.9 ± 0.10 μg/mL), BT-20 (IC₅₀: 152.3 ± 1.22 μg/mL), PC-3 (IC₅₀: 177.3 ± 1.01 μg/mL), SW-80 (IC₅₀: 45.6 ± 1.35 μg/mL) and Jurkat (IC₅₀: 43.4 ± 0.64 μg/mL) [45]

RD: rhabdomyosarcoma; EACC: Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell; EBV-EA: epstein-barr virus early antigen

Declarations

Author contributions

MAA: Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. HAJ: Data curation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. TDP, JM, ABS, MAT: Validation, Writing—review & editing. SOB: Visualization, Writing—review & editing. AAF: Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The primary data for this review were sourced online from databases listed in the article. Referenced articles are accessible on PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Additional supporting data are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Funding

Funding support from the Tertiary Education Trust Fund, Nigeria [TETFUND/DR&D/CE/ NRF/STI/30/Vol1] is gratefully acknowledged. This funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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