Table Info

Table 3.

Recent clinical studies for cancer treatment by herbal medicines

NCT number	Study phase with sponsor name	Study title	Type of condition	Treatment	Reference
NCT05897749	Phase 4, Guang’anmen Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences	Clinical Study on the Effect of Brucea Javanica Oil Emulsion Injection on the Survival of Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer Who Failed to Receive Multi-line Treatment	Colorectal cancer	Brucea javanica oil emulsion injection	[127]
NCT03986528	Phase 4, Jie Li	Clinical Trial on the Survival Advantage of Kanglaite Injection (KLTi) in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)	Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	Kanglaite injection + chemotherapy	[128]
NCT05229809	Phase 4, Jie Li	Yiqi Wenyang Jiedu Prescription in the Prevention and Treatment of Postoperative Metastasis and Recurrence of Gastric Cancer: A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled and Multi-center Clinical Study	Gastric carcinoma	Yiqi Wenyang Jiedu prescription	[129]
NCT01142479	Phase 2, phase 3, Taipei City Hospital	The Effects of Compound Herbal Formula (TPE-1) for Leukopenia and Cancer-related Fatigue in Breast Cancer Patients With Radiotherapy	Breast cancer	Chinese herbal medicine decoction	[130, 131]
NCT04403529	Phase 3, Fudan University	Evaluating the Clinical Value of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Adjuvant Therapy of Triple-negative Breast Cancer	Triple negative breast cancer	Traditional Chinese medicine formulation	[132]
NCT03716518	Phase 3, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences	Effect of TCM-TSKSR on Completion Rates of Chemotherapy in Patients With Stage II & III Colon Cancer: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial	Colon cancer	Tonifying spleen and kidney sequential regimen	[133]
NCT04546607	Phase 2, phase 3, Natureceuticals Sdn Bhd	A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel, Study Assessing NuvastaticTM (C5OSEW5050ESA) 1,000 mg (3 Times a Day) in Improving Fatigue in Patients With Solid Stage I–IV Tumors	Astheni, cancer	Nuvastatic TM (C5OSEW5050ESA) 1,000 mg	[134, 135]
NCT03384667	Phase 2, phase 3, Seong-Gyu Ko	Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Maekmoondong-tang on Post-operative Cough in Patients With Lung Cancer -Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial	Lung cancer	Maekmoondong-tang	[136, 137]
NCT01441752	Phase 3, xuling	State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanghai	Non-small cell lung cancer	TCM	[138, 139]
NCT02929693	Phase 3	Clinical Study of Yiqi-yangyin-jiedu Decoction Combined With Gefitinib in Advanced Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Patients With Activating EGFR Mutation	Cancer	Yiqi-yangyin-jiedu decoction	[140]

Declarations

Acknowledgments

During the preparation of this work, author(s) used the ChatGPT Plus for enhancing the quality of figures. After using the tool/service, author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.

Author contributions

RY: Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft. HSC: Supervision, Project administration, Writing—review & editing. GD: Supervision, Project administration, Writing—review & editing. MSA: Writing—review & editing, Validation. VK: Validation. PS: Validation. NKU: Validation. TY: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision, Project administration. Each author reviewed and approved the version that was submitted after helping to revise the document.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

References

Molyneux G, Geyer FC, Magnay FA, McCarthy A, Kendrick H, Natrajan R, et al. BRCA1 basal-like breast cancers originate from luminal epithelial progenitors and not from basal stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2010;7:403–17. [DOI] [PubMed]

Fares J, Fares MY, Khachfe HH, Salhab HA, Fares Y. Molecular principles of metastasis: a hallmark of cancer revisited. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5:28. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

More MP, Pardeshi SR, Pardeshi CV, Sonawane GA, Shinde MN, Deshmukh PK, et al. Recent advances in phytochemical-based Nano-formulation for drug-resistant Cancer. Med Drug Discov. 2021;10:100082. [DOI]

Kumar P, Yadav N, Chaudhary B, Jain V, Balaramnavar VM, Alharbi KS, et al. Promises of phytochemical based nano drug delivery systems in the management of cancer. Chem Biol Interact. 2022;351:109745. [DOI] [PubMed]

Karpuz M, Silindir-Gunay M, Ozer AY. Current and Future Approaches for Effective Cancer Imaging and Treatment. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2018;33:39–51. [DOI] [PubMed]

Wahi A, Bishnoi M, Raina N, Singh MA, Verma P, Gupta PK, et al. Recent updates on nano-phyto-formulations based therapeutic intervention for cancer treatment. Oncol Res. 2023;32:19–47. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Sharma AN, Dewangan HK, Upadhyay PK. Comprehensive Review on Herbal Medicine: Emphasis on Current Therapy and Role of Phytoconstituents for Cancer Treatment. Chem Biodivers. 2024;21:e202301468. [DOI] [PubMed]

Manzari-Tavakoli A, Babajani A, Tavakoli MM, Safaeinejad F, Jafari A. Integrating natural compounds and nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems: A novel strategy for enhanced efficacy and selectivity in cancer therapy. Cancer Med. 2024;13:e7010. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Hashemi F, Zabolian A, Saleki H, Bagherian M, et al. Polychemotherapy with Curcumin and Doxorubicin via Biological Nanoplatforms: Enhancing Antitumor Activity. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12:1084. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

10.

Mohanraj VJ, Chen Y. Nanoparticles - A review. Trop J Pharm Res. 2007;5:561–73. [DOI]

11.

Sakore P, Bhattacharya S, Belemkar S, Prajapati BG, Elossaily GM. The theranostic potential of green nanotechnology-enabled gold nanoparticles in cancer: A paradigm shift on diagnosis and treatment approaches. Results Chem. 2024;7:101264. [DOI]

12.

Li C, Zhang J, Zu YJ, Nie SF, Cao J, Wang Q, et al. Biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles for enhancement of anti-cancer activities of phytochemicals. Chin J Nat Med. 2015;13:641–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

Anand A, Gautam P, Ojha S. Application of Nanotechnology for Herbal Medicine Development: A Review. Lett Drug Des Discov. 2024;21:1325–33. [DOI]

14.

Ravindran R. NANO TECHNOLOGY IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: AN OVERVIEW. Oral Maxillofac Pathol J. 2011;2:101–6.

15.

Hertog MG, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Intake of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids and their determinants in adults in The Netherlands. Nutr Cancer. 1993;20:21–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

16.

Nakamura W, Hirata M, Oda S, Chiba K, Okada A, Mateos RN, et al.; NCBN Controls WGS Consortium; Tsujimoto SI, Shiba N, Ito S, Yoshida T, Shiraishi Y. Assessing the efficacy of target adaptive sampling long-read sequencing through hereditary cancer patient genomes. NPJ Genom Med. 2024;9:11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

17.

Zitvogel L, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Kroemer G. Immunological aspects of cancer chemotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:59–73. [DOI] [PubMed]

18.

Wang L, Lynch C, Pitroda SP, Piffkó A, Yang K, Huser AK, et al. Radiotherapy and immunology. J Exp Med. 2024;221:e20232101. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

19.

Lu Q, Kou D, Lou S, Ashrafizadeh M, Aref AR, Canadas I, et al. Nanoparticles in tumor microenvironment remodeling and cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol. 2024;17:16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

20.

Nair HB, Sung B, Yadav VR, Kannappan R, Chaturvedi MM, Aggarwal BB. Delivery of antiinflammatory nutraceuticals by nanoparticles for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010;80:1833–43. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

21.

Prakash K, Tiwari S. Prospective Approaches of Herbal Novel Delivery System with Special Reference to the Herbal Nanosciences. Curr Drug Ther. 2024;19:678–93. [DOI]

22.

Ashique S, Afzal O, Hussain A, Zeyaullah Md, Altamimi MA, Mishra N, et al. It’s all about plant derived natural phytoconstituents and phytonanomedicine to control skin cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2023;84:104495. [DOI]

23.

Bisht D, Kumar D, Kumar D, Dua K, Chellappan DK. Phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of the genus artemisia. Arch Pharm Res. 2021;44:439–74. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

24.

Bhanot A, Sharma R, Noolvi M. Natural sources as potential anti-cancer agents: A review. Int J Phytomedicine. 2011;3:09–26.

25.

Afifi-Yazar FU, Kasabri V, Abu-Dahab R. Medicinal plants from Jordan in the treatment of cancer: traditional uses vs. in vitro and in vivo evaluations--part 1. Planta Med. 2011;77:1203–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

26.

Nobili S, Lippi D, Witort E, Donnini M, Bausi L, Mini E, et al. Natural compounds for cancer treatment and prevention. Pharmacol Res. 2009;59:365–78. [DOI] [PubMed]

27.

Asati V. Perspectives of Anti-Cancer Phytoconstituents in Pharmacotherapy. Int J Med Pharm Sci. 2022;12:1. [DOI]

28.

Samadian H, Hosseini-Nami S, Kamrava SK, Ghaznavi H, Shakeri-Zadeh A. Folate-conjugated gold nanoparticle as a new nanoplatform for targeted cancer therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2016;142:2217–29. [DOI] [PubMed]

29.

Iqbal J, Abbasi BA, Ahmad R, Batool R, Mahmood T, Ali B, et al. Potential phytochemicals in the fight against skin cancer: Current landscape and future perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;109:1381–93. [DOI] [PubMed]

30.

Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Antineoplastic agents from natural sources: achievements and future directions. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2000;9:2783–97. [DOI] [PubMed]

31.

Block G, Patterson B, Subar A. Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr Cancer. 1992;18:1–29. [DOI] [PubMed]

32.

Almalki WH, Alotaibi NN, Alayaf AAM, Alotaibi AF, Althubiti MA. Phytochemical-based Nanodrug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Int J Health Sci. 2022:5736–54. [DOI]

33.

Yang CS, Landau JM, Huang MT, Newmark HL. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by dietary polyphenolic compounds. Annu Rev Nutr. 2001;21:381–406. [DOI] [PubMed]

34.

Wang H, Luo Y. Green mediated of nanoparticles by plant extract: Investigation of its performance to treat the human renal cell carcinoma. J Eng Res. 2024;12:11–6. [DOI]

35.

Jafari M, Juybari KB, Shiri H, Amirkhosravi A, Mehrabani M, Mehrabani M. Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticle from Aqueous Extracts of Hedera helix L., Senna alexandrina Mill., Thymus vulgaris L. and Tribulus terrestris L. and Evaluation of Their In-Vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects. Nano. 2024;19:2450069. [DOI]

36.

Fang S, Li Y, Wu W, He K. Mellissa officinalis Leaf Aqueous Extract Green-Formulated Nanoparticles as a new Chemotherapeutic Drug in the Field of Healthcare and Nursing: Determination of Anti-Cancer, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxicity Effects. Sci Adv Mater. 2024;16:484–93. [DOI]

37.

Shi J, Zhang R, Wang Y, Sun Y, Gu X, An Y, et al. Herb-Nanoparticle Hybrid System for Improved Oral Delivery Efficiency to Alleviate Breast Cancer Lung Metastasis. Int J Nanomedicine. 2024;19:7927–44. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

38.

Jain A, Jain P, Soni P, Tiwari A, Tiwari SP. Design and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles of Different Species of Curcuma in the Treatment of Cancer Using Human Colon Cancer Cell Line (HT-29). J Gastrointest Cancer. 2023;54:90–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

39.

Alinaghi M, Mokarram P, Ahmadi M, Bozorg-Ghalati F. Biosynthesis of palladium, platinum, and their bimetallic nanoparticles using rosemary and ginseng herbal plants: evaluation of anticancer activity. Sci Rep. 2024;14:5798. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

40.

Farooq U, Qureshi AK, Noor H, Farhan M, Khan ME, Hamed OA, et al. Plant Extract-Based Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Effective Role in Antibacterial, Anticancer, and Water Treatment Applications. Plants (Basel). 2023;12:2337. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

41.

Firouzi Amandi A, Jokar E, Eslami M, Dadashpour M, Rezaie M, Yazdani Y, et al. Enhanced anti-cancer effect of artemisinin- and curcumin-loaded niosomal nanoparticles against human colon cancer cells. Med Oncol. 2023;40:170. [DOI] [PubMed]

42.

Khoobchandani M, Katti KK, Karikachery AR, Thipe VC, Srisrimal D, Dhurvas Mohandoss DK, et al. New Approaches in Breast Cancer Therapy Through Green Nanotechnology and Nano-Ayurvedic Medicine - Pre-Clinical and Pilot Human Clinical Investigations. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:181–97. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

43.

Azhar NA, Ghozali SZ, Abu Bakar SA, Lim V, Ahmad NH. Suppressing growth, migration, and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells by Catharanthus roseus-silver nanoparticles. Toxicol In Vitro. 2020;67:104910. [DOI] [PubMed]

44.

Guo J, Li Y, Yu Z, Chen L, Chinnathambi A, Almoallim HS, et al. Novel green synthesis and characterization of a chemotherapeutic supplement by silver nanoparticles containing Berberis thunbergii leaf for the treatment of human pancreatic cancer. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2022;69:887–97. [DOI] [PubMed]

45.

Liu Y, Xie X, Hou X, Shen J, Shi J, Chen H, et al. Functional oral nanoparticles for delivering silibinin and cryptotanshinone against breast cancer lung metastasis. J Nanobiotechnology. 2020;18:83. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

46.

Zhao H, Han B, Li X, Sun C, Zhai Y, Li M, et al. Salvia miltiorrhiza in Breast Cancer Treatment: A Review of Its Phytochemistry, Derivatives, Nanoparticles, and Potential Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:872085. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

47.

Laurent S, Forge D, Port M, Roch A, Robic C, Vander Elst L, et al. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications. Chem Rev. 2008;108:2064–110. [DOI] [PubMed]

48.

Gavas S, Quazi S, Karpiński TM. Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: Current Progress and Challenges. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2021;16:173. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

49.

Shin WK, Cho J, Kannan AG, Lee YS, Kim DW. Cross-linked Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte using Mesoporous Methacrylate-Functionalized SiO2 Nanoparticles for Lithium-Ion Polymer Batteries. Sci Rep. 2016;6:26332. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

50.

Prokop A, Davidson JM. Nanovehicular intracellular delivery systems. J Pharm Sci. 2008;97:3518–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

51.

Khan T, Gurav P. PhytoNanotechnology: Enhancing Delivery of Plant Based Anti-cancer Drugs. Front Pharmacol. 2018;8:1002. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

52.

Alshatwi AA, Athinarayanan J, Vaiyapuri Subbarayan P. Green synthesis of platinum nanoparticles that induce cell death and G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest in human cervical cancer cells. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2015;26:5330. [DOI] [PubMed]

53.

Rao PV, Nallappan D, Madhavi K, Rahman S, Jun Wei L, Gan SH. Phytochemicals and Biogenic Metallic Nanoparticles as Anticancer Agents. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:3685671. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

54.

Arruda SC, Silva AL, Galazzi RM, Azevedo RA, Arruda MA. Nanoparticles applied to plant science: a review. Talanta. 2015;131:693–705. [DOI] [PubMed]

55.

Chaudhary KR, Banik P, Singh K. Recent trends in the delivery of plant-derived phytochemicals against various cancers using Nanotechnological approach: A comprehensive review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2023;87:104859. [DOI]

56.

Amreddy N, Babu A, Muralidharan R, Panneerselvam J, Srivastava A, Ahmed R, et al. Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Cancer Drug and Gene Delivery. Adv Cancer Res. 2018;137:115–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

57.

Dong Y, Fu R, Yang J, Ma P, Liang L, Mi Y, et al. Folic acid-modified ginsenoside Rg5-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine. 2019;14:6971–88. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

58.

Zhou Y, Chen D, Xue G, Yu S, Yuan C, Huang M, et al. Improved therapeutic efficacy of quercetin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles on triple-negative breast cancer by inhibiting uPA. RSC Adv. 2020;10:34517–26. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

59.

Kumari M, Sharma N, Manchanda R, Gupta N, Syed A, Bahkali AH, et al. PGMD/curcumin nanoparticles for the treatment of breast cancer. Sci Rep. 2021;11:3824. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

60.

Valizadeh A, Khaleghi AA, Roozitalab G, Osanloo M. High anticancer efficacy of solid lipid nanoparticles containing Zataria multiflora essential oil against breast cancer and melanoma cell lines. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2021;22:52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

61.

Mohammed HA, Khan RA, Singh V, Yusuf M, Akhtar N, Sulaiman GM, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted natural and synthetic drugs delivery in high-incidence cancers, and other diseases: Roles of preparation methods, lipid composition, transitional stability, and release profiles in nanocarriers’ development. Nanotechnol Rev. 2023;12. [DOI]

62.

Pegtel DM, Gould SJ. Exosomes. Annu Rev Biochem. 2019;88:487–514. [DOI] [PubMed]

63.

Samad A, Sultana Y, Aqil M. Liposomal drug delivery systems: an update review. Curr Drug Deliv. 2007;4:297–305. [DOI] [PubMed]

64.

Allen TM, Cullis PR. Liposomal drug delivery systems: from concept to clinical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013;65:36–48. [DOI] [PubMed]

65.

Zhang L, Gu FX, Chan JM, Wang AZ, Langer RS, Farokhzad OC. Nanoparticles in medicine: therapeutic applications and developments. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;83:761–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

66.

Deshmukh PK, Mutha RE, Surana SJ. Electrostatic deposition assisted preparation, characterization and evaluation of chrysin liposomes for breast cancer treatment. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2021;47:809–19. [DOI] [PubMed]

67.

Patel PK, Sahu J, Chandel SS. A Detailed Review on Nociceptive Models for the Screening of Analgesic Activity in Experimental Animals. Int J Neu Phy Ther. 2016;2:44–50. [DOI]

68.

Wang X, Yang L, Chen ZG, Shin DM. Application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy and imaging. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58:97–110. [DOI] [PubMed]

69.

Lim J, Kostiainen M, Maly J, da Costa VCP, Annunziata O, Pavan GM, et al. Synthesis of large dendrimers with the dimensions of small viruses. J Am Chem Soc. 2013;135:4660–3. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

70.

Lo ST, Kumar A, Hsieh JT, Sun X. Dendrimer nanoscaffolds for potential theranostics of prostate cancer with a focus on radiochemistry. Mol Pharm. 2013;10:793–812. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

71.

Gao Y, Li Z, Xie X, Wang C, You J, Mo F, et al. Dendrimeric anticancer prodrugs for targeted delivery of ursolic acid to folate receptor-expressing cancer cells: synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2015;70:55–63. [DOI] [PubMed]

72.

Du M, Yang Z, Lu W, Wang B, Wang Q, Chen Z, et al. Design and development of spirulina polysaccharide-loaded nanoemulsions with improved the antitumor effects of paclitaxel. J Microencapsul. 2020;37:403–12. [DOI] [PubMed]

73.

Dianzani C, Monge C, Miglio G, Serpe L, Martina K, Cangemi L, et al. Nanoemulsions as Delivery Systems for Poly-Chemotherapy Aiming at Melanoma Treatment. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12:1198. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

74.

Hiremath CG, Heggnnavar GB, Kariduraganavar MY, Hiremath MB. Co-delivery of paclitaxel and curcumin to foliate positive cancer cells using Pluronic-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Prog Biomater. 2019;8:155–68. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

75.

Swaminathan S, Pastero L, Serpe L, Trotta F, Vavia P, Aquilano D, et al. Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges encapsulating camptothecin: physicochemical characterization, stability and cytotoxicity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2010;74:193–201. [DOI] [PubMed]

76.

Krishna KV, Ménard-Moyon C, Verma S, Bianco A. Graphene-based nanomaterials for nanobiotechnology and biomedical applications. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2013;8:1669–88. [DOI] [PubMed]

77.

Fiorillo M, Verre AF, Iliut M, Peiris-Pagés M, Ozsvari B, Gandara R, et al. Graphene oxide selectively targets cancer stem cells, across multiple tumor types: implications for non-toxic cancer treatment, via “differentiation-based nano-therapy”. Oncotarget. 2015;6:3553–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

78.

Mroz P, Tegos GP, Gali H, Wharton T, Sarna T, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy with fullerenes. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2007;6:1139–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

79.

Tabata Y, Murakami Y, Ikada Y. Photodynamic effect of polyethylene glycol-modified fullerene on tumor. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1997;88:1108–16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

80.

Li H, Zhang N, Hao Y, Wang Y, Jia S, Zhang H. Enhancement of curcumin antitumor efficacy and further photothermal ablation of tumor growth by single-walled carbon nanotubes delivery system in vivo. Drug Deliv. 2019;26:1017–26. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

81.

Mousa SA, Bharali DJ. Nanotechnology-based detection and targeted therapy in cancer: nano-bio paradigms and applications. Cancers (Basel). 2011;3:2888–903. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

82.

Cuenca AG, Jiang H, Hochwald SN, Delano M, Cance WG, Grobmyer SR. Emerging implications of nanotechnology on cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Cancer. 2006;107:459–66. [DOI] [PubMed]

83.

Schroeder A, Heller DA, Winslow MM, Dahlman JE, Pratt GW, Langer R, et al. Treating metastatic cancer with nanotechnology. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;12:39–50. [DOI] [PubMed]

84.

Guarneri V, Dieci MV, Conte P. Enhancing intracellular taxane delivery: current role and perspectives of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2012;13:395–406. [DOI] [PubMed]

85.

Chan WC, Nie S. Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. Science. 1998;281:2016–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

86.

Bera D, Qian L, Tseng TK, Holloway PH. Quantum Dots and Their Multimodal Applications: A Review. Materials. 2010;3:2260–345. [DOI]

87.

Carrillo-Carrión C, Cárdenas S, Simonet BM, Valcárcel M. Quantum dots luminescence enhancement due to illumination with UV/Vis light. Chem Commun (Camb). 2009:5214–26. [DOI] [PubMed]

88.

Bagalkot V, Zhang L, Levy-Nissenbaum E, Jon S, Kantoff PW, Langer R, et al. Quantum dot-aptamer conjugates for synchronous cancer imaging, therapy, and sensing of drug delivery based on bi-fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Nano Lett. 2007;7:3065–70. [DOI] [PubMed]

89.

Baig MS, Suryawanshi RM, Zehravi M, Mahajan HS, Rana R, Banu A, et al. Surface decorated quantum dots: Synthesis, properties and role in herbal therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023;11. [DOI]

90.

Castaneda RT, Khurana A, Khan R, Daldrup-Link HE. Labeling stem cells with ferumoxytol, an FDA-approved iron oxide nanoparticle. J Vis Exp. 2011:e3482. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

91.

Basoglu H, Goncu B, Akbas F. Magnetic nanoparticle-mediated gene therapy to induce Fas apoptosis pathway in breast cancer. Cancer Gene Ther. 2018;25:141–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

92.

Avval ZM, Malekpour L, Raeisi F, Babapoor A, Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, et al. Introduction of magnetic and supermagnetic nanoparticles in new approach of targeting drug delivery and cancer therapy application. Drug Metab Rev. 2020;52:157–84. [DOI] [PubMed]

93.

Chariou PL, Ortega-Rivera OA, Steinmetz NF. Nanocarriers for the Delivery of Medical, Veterinary, and Agricultural Active Ingredients. ACS Nano. 2020;14:2678–701. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

94.

Meng J, Fan J, Galiana G, Branca RT, Clasen PL, Ma S, et al. LHRH-functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for breast cancer targeting and contrast enhancement in MRI. Mater Sci Eng C. 2009;29:1467–79. [DOI]

95.

Legge CJ, Colley HE, Lawson MA, Rawlings AE. Targeted magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia for the treatment of oral cancer. J Oral Pathol Med. 2019;48:803–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

96.

Montazerabadi A, Beik J, Irajirad R, Attaran N, Khaledi S, Ghaznavi H, et al. Folate-modified and curcumin-loaded dendritic magnetite nanocarriers for the targeted thermo-chemotherapy of cancer cells. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2019;47:330–40. [DOI] [PubMed]

97.

Ma D. Chapter 1 - Hybrid Nanoparticles: An Introduction. In: Mohapatra S, Nguyen TA, Nguyen-Tri P, editors. Noble Metal-Metal Oxide Hybrid Nanoparticles. Woodhead Publishing; 2019. pp. 3–6. [DOI]

98.

He C, Lu J, Lin W. Hybrid nanoparticles for combination therapy of cancer. J Control Release. 2015;219:224–36. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

99.

Huang X, El-Sayed IH, Qian W, El-Sayed MA. Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using gold nanorods. J Am Chem Soc. 2006;128:2115–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

100.

Corr SA, Rakovich YP, Gun’ko YK. Multifunctional magnetic-fluorescent nanocomposites for biomedical applications. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2008;3:87–104. [DOI]

101.

Sailor MJ, Park JH. Hybrid nanoparticles for detection and treatment of cancer. Adv Mater. 2012;24:3779–802. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

102.

Micale N, Molonia MS, Citarella A, Cimino F, Saija A, Cristani M, et al. Natural Product-Based Hybrids as Potential Candidates for the Treatment of Cancer: Focus on Curcumin and Resveratrol. Molecules. 2021;26:4665. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

103.

Rezakhani L, Fekri K, Rostaminasab G, Rahmati S. Exosomes: special nano-therapeutic carrier for cancers, overview on anticancer drugs. Med Oncol. 2022;40:31. [DOI] [PubMed]

104.

Rahmati S, Karimi H, Alizadeh M, Khazaei AH, Paiva-Santos AC, Rezakhani L, et al. Prospects of plant-derived exosome-like nanocarriers in oncology and tissue engineering. Hum Cell. 2024;37:121–38. [DOI] [PubMed]

105.

Chen Q, Li Q, Liang Y, Zu M, Chen N, Canup BSB, et al. Natural exosome-like nanovesicles from edible tea flowers suppress metastatic breast cancer via ROS generation and microbiota modulation. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2022;12:907–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

106.

Azhari Rad R, Naghdi Y, Majidi Jamalabadi M, Masoumi S, Rezakhani L, Alizadeh M. Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Loaded With a Variety of Plant Extracts: Novel Model in Breast Cancer Therapy. Breast Cancer (Auckl). 2024;18:11782234241236358. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

107.

Rezakhani L, Alizadeh M, Sharifi E, Soleimannejad M, Alizadeh A. Isolation and Characterization of Crab Haemolymph Exosomes and Its Effects on Breast Cancer Cells (4T1). Cell J. 2021;23:658–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

108.

Rahmati S, Alizadeh M, Mirzapour P, Miller A, Rezakhani L. The effect of marine algae-derived exosomes on breast cancer cells: Hypothesis on a new treatment for cancer. J Cancer Res Ther. 2023;19:218–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

109.

Jafari A, Karimabadi K, Rahimi A, Rostaminasab G, Khazaei M, Rezakhani L, et al. The Emerging Role of Exosomal miRNAs as Biomarkers for Early Cancer Detection: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2023;22:15330338231205999. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

110.

Anani H, Baluchi I, Farsinejad A, Fatemi A, Khalilabadi RM. Zataria multiflora methanolic extract has antitumor properties on U266 multiple myeloma cell line. Gene Rep. 2020;20:100655. [DOI]

111.

Zhou L, Li X, Chen X, Li Z, Liu X, Zhou S, et al. In vivo antitumor and antimetastatic activities of camptothecin encapsulated with N-trimethyl chitosan in a preclinical mouse model of liver cancer. Cancer Lett. 2010;297:56–64. [DOI] [PubMed]

112.

Tomeh MA, Hadianamrei R, Zhao X. A Review of Curcumin and Its Derivatives as Anticancer Agents. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:1033. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

113.

Venditto VJ, Simanek EE. Cancer therapies utilizing the camptothecins: a review of the in vivo literature. Mol Pharm. 2010;7:307–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

114.

Banerjee S, Katiyar P, Kumar V, Saini SS, Varshney R, Krishnan V, et al. Black pepper and piperine induce anticancer effects on leukemia cell line. Toxicol Res (Camb). 2021;10:169–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

115.

Rather RA, Bhagat M. Cancer Chemoprevention and Piperine: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2018;6:10. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

116.

Kumar G, Virmani T, Sharma A, Pathak K. Codelivery of Phytochemicals with Conventional Anticancer Drugs in Form of Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15:889. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

117.

Mohapatra P, Singh P, Singh D, Sahoo S, Sahoo SK. Phytochemical based nanomedicine: a panacea for cancer treatment, present status and future prospective. OpenNano. 2022;7:100055. [DOI]

118.

Son J, Yang SM, Yi G, Roh YJ, Park H, Park JM, et al. Folate-modified PLGA nanoparticles for tumor-targeted delivery of pheophorbide a in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;498:523–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

119.

Brigger I, Dubernet C, Couvreur P. Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012;64:24–36. [DOI]

120.

Fukumori Y, Ichikawa H. Nanoparticles for cancer therapy and diagnosis. Adv Powder Technol. 2006;17:1–28. [DOI]

121.

Subramanian S, Prasanna R, Biswas G, Das Majumdar SK, Joshi N, Bunger D, et al. Nanosomal Docetaxel Lipid Suspension-Based Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer: Results from a Multicenter Retrospective Study. Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press). 2020;12:77–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

122.

Wang M, Thanou M. Targeting nanoparticles to cancer. Pharmacol Res. 2010;62:90–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

123.

Fawzy RM, Abdel-Aziz AA, Bassiouny K, Fayed AM. Phytocompounds-based therapeutic approach: Investigating curcumin and green tea extracts on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2024;22:100339. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

124.

Blanco Carcache PJ, Addo EM, Kinghorn AD. Higher Plant Sources of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents and the Potential Role of Biotechnological Approaches for Their Supply. In: Ekiert HM, Ramawat KG, Arora J, editors. Medicinal Plants: Domestication, Biotechnology and Regional Importance. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. pp. 545–81. [DOI]

125.

Basu S, Mukherjee S, Chakraborty S, Dey A. Role of traditional Indian plants on treating myelosuppression caused by chemotherapy with special reference to cyclophosphamide. The Nucleus. 2023. [DOI]

126.

Sulaiman MK, Lakshmanan J. Systemic and Anticancer Potential of Adaptogenic Constituents Isolated from Traditional Herbs - A Mini-Review. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2022;22:2811–21. [DOI] [PubMed]

127.

Ye L, Zhao JF, Wang YM, Chen WH, Qian S, Zhou ZG, et al. Brucea javanica oil emulsion suppresses tumor growth in human cervical cancer cells through inhibition of the E6 oncogene and induction of apoptosis. Transl Cancer Res. 2020;9:918–29. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

128.

Gao R, Zhang Y, Hou W, Li J, Zhu G, Zhang X, et al. Combination of first-line chemotherapy with Kanglaite injections versus first-line chemotherapy alone for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: study protocol for an investigator-initiated, multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021;22:214. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

129.

Cao L, Zhu G, Wang X, Kuang Z, Song X, Ma X, et al. Yiqi Wenyang Jiedu prescription for preventing and treating postoperative recurrence and metastasis of gastric cancer: a randomized controlled trial protocol. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1326970. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

130.

Yang J, Li Y, Chau CI, Shi J, Chen X, Hu H, et al. Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine for cancer-related fatigue: a systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials. Chin Med. 2023;18:142. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

131.

Compound Herbal Formula (TPE-1) for Leukopenia and Cancer-related Fatigue in Breast Cancer Patients With Radiotherapy [Internet]. [Cited 2024 Nov 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01142479?cond=cancer&intr=Herbal%20medicine&aggFilters=phase:3&rank=1

132.

Evaluating the Clinical Value of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Adjuvant Therapy of Triple-negative Breast Cancer [Internet]. [Cited 2024 Nov 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04403529?cond=cancer&intr=Herbal%20medicine&aggFilters=phase:3&rank=2

133.

Herbal Treatment to Improve Chemotherapy Delivery [Internet]. [Cited 2024 Nov 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03716518?cond=cancer&intr=Herbal%20medicine&aggFilters=phase:3&rank=3

134.

Ng ML, Majid AMSA, Yee SM, Natesan V, Basheer MKA, Gnanasekaran A, et al. A phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Nuvastatic (C50SEW505OESA), a standardized rosmarinic acid-rich polymolecular botanical extract formulation to reduce cancer-related fatigue in patients with solid tumors. Support Care Cancer. 2024;32:331. [DOI] [PubMed]

135.

Evaluation of Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Nuvastatic in Cancer Asthenia [Internet]. [Cited 2024 Nov 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04546607?cond=cancer&intr=Herbal%20medicine&aggFilters=phase:3&rank=4

136.

Maekmoondong-tang on Post-operative Cough in Patients With Lung Cancer [Internet]. [Cited 2024 Nov 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03384667?cond=cancer&intr=Herbal%20medicine&aggFilters=phase:3&rank=5

137.

Cheon C, Kang S, Ko Y, Kim M, Jang BH, Shin YC, et al. Maekmoondong-tang in treatment of postoperative cough in patients with lung cancer: Study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97:e11541. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

138.

Efficacy Study of Integrated TCM Combined With Chemotherapy in Postoperative NSCLC Patients [Internet]. [Cited 2024 Nov 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01441752?cond=cancer&intr=Herbal%20medicine&aggFilters=phase:3&rank=7

139.

Xiao Z, Chen Z, Han R, Lu L, Li Z, Lin J, et al. Comprehensive TCM treatments combined with chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A randomized, controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100:e25690. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

140.

Clinical Study of YYJD Decoction Combined With Gefitinib in Advanced Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma [Internet]. [Cited 2024 Nov 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02929693?cond=cancer&intr=Herbal%20medicine&aggFilters=phase:3&rank=9

141.

Shen J, Li J, Yu P, Du G. Research Status and Hotspots of Anticancer Natural Products Based on the Patent Literature and Scientific Articles. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:903239. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

142.

Chunarkar-Patil P, Kaleem M, Mishra R, Ray S, Ahmad A, Verma D, et al. Anticancer Drug Discovery Based on Natural Products: From Computational Approaches to Clinical Studies. Biomedicines. 2024;12:201. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

143.

Septembre-Malaterre A, Lalarizo Rakoto M, Marodon C, Bedoui Y, Nakab J, Simon E, et al. Artemisia annua, a Traditional Plant Brought to Light. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:4986. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

144.

DiMauro TM, inventor; DePuy Spine LLC, DePuy Synthes Products Inc, assignee. Curcumin derivatives. United States patent US8383865B2. 2013 Feb 26.

145.

Kuzminska J, Szyk P, Mlynarczyk DT, Bakun P, Muszalska-Kolos I, Dettlaff K, et al. Curcumin Derivatives in Medicinal Chemistry: Potential Applications in Cancer Treatment. Molecules. 2024;29:5321. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

146.

Jin X, Ruiz Beguerie J, Sze DM, Chan GC. Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4:CD007731. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

147.

Gao X, Homayoonfal M. Exploring the anti-cancer potential of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs) and their versatile role in enhancing drug delivery systems: a multifaceted approach to combat cancer. Cancer Cell Int. 2023;23:324. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

148.

Choudhari AS, Mandave PC, Deshpande M, Ranjekar P, Prakash O. Phytochemicals in Cancer Treatment: From Preclinical Studies to Clinical Practice. Front Pharmacol. 2020;10:1614. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

149.

Singh S, Sharma B, Kanwar SS, Kumar A. Lead Phytochemicals for Anticancer Drug Development. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:1667. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

150.

Ali Abdalla YO, Subramaniam B, Nyamathulla S, Shamsuddin N, Arshad NM, Mun KS, et al. Natural Products for Cancer Therapy: A Review of Their Mechanism of Actions and Toxicity in the Past Decade. J Trop Med. 2022;2022:5794350. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

151.

Malik P, Mukherjee TK. Structure-function elucidation of antioxidative and prooxidative activities of the polyphenolic compound curcumin. Chin J Biol. 2014;2014:1–8. [DOI]

152.

Simoni D, Rizzi M, Rondanin R, Baruchello R, Marchetti P, Invidiata FP, et al. Antitumor effects of curcumin and structurally beta-diketone modified analogs on multidrug resistant cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008;18:845–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

153.

Rohani Sarvestani Z, Hashemi M, Solati Z. π-stacking interactions between curcumin and aromatic ring of amino acids in amyloid fibrils: A theoretical study. Comput Theor Chem. 2023;1225:114175. [DOI]

154.

Priyadarsini KI. Chemical and structural features influencing the biological activity of curcumin. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19:2093–100. [DOI] [PubMed]

155.

Chen H, Yang H, Fan D, Deng J. The Anticancer Activity and Mechanisms of Ginsenosides: An Updated Review. eFood. 2020;1:226–41. [DOI]

156.

Chopra P, Chhillar H, Kim YJ, Jo IH, Kim ST, Gupta R. Phytochemistry of ginsenosides: Recent advancements and emerging roles. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63:613–40. [DOI] [PubMed]

157.

Zhang Q, Wang X, Lv L, Su G, Zhao Y. Antineoplastic activity, structural modification, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of dammarane-type ginsenosides: an overview. Curr Org Chem. 2019;23:503–16. [DOI]

158.

Scotti L, Bezerra Mendonça Junior FJ, Magalhaes Moreira DR, da Silva MS, Pitta IR, Scotti MT. SAR, QSAR and docking of anticancer flavonoids and variants: a review. Curr Top Med Chem. 2012;12:2785–809. [DOI] [PubMed]

159.

Rather RA, Bhagat M. Quercetin as an innovative therapeutic tool for cancer chemoprevention: Molecular mechanisms and implications in human health. Cancer Med. 2020;9:9181–92. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

160.

Vafadar A, Shabaninejad Z, Movahedpour A, Fallahi F, Taghavipour M, Ghasemi Y, et al. Quercetin and cancer: new insights into its therapeutic effects on ovarian cancer cells. Cell Biosci. 2020;10:32. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

161.

Mondal A, Bose S, Mazumder K, Khanra R. Carvacrol (Origanum vulgare): Therapeutic Properties and Molecular Mechanisms. In: Pal D, Nayak AK, editors. Bioactive Natural Products for Pharmaceutical Applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. pp. 437–62. [DOI]

162.

Singh J, Luqman S, Meena A. Carvacrol as a Prospective Regulator of Cancer Targets/Signalling Pathways. Curr Mol Pharmacol. 2023;16:542–58. [DOI] [PubMed]

163.

Yazici A, Marinelli L, Cacciatore I, Emsen B, Eusepi P, Di Biase G, et al. Potential Anticancer Effect of Carvacrol Codrugs on Human Glioblastoma Cells. Curr Drug Deliv. 2021;18:350–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

164.

de Souza RL, Dantas AGB, de Oliveira Melo C, Felício IM, Oliveira EE. Nanotechnology as a tool to improve the biological activity of carvacrol: A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2022;76:103834. [DOI]