Table Info

Table 1.

Summary of available clinical trials on nanomaterials-based tumor immunotherapy

Nanomaterials	Cargo molecules	Indications	Clinical stage	Key findings	References
Cyclodextrin polymer-based nanoparticle	Small interfering RNA targeting the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase	Melanoma, gastrointestinal cancer, prostate cancer	Phase Ia/Ib	CALAA-01 pharmacokinetics revealed that peak concentration and exposure correlate with body weight across species.	[241]
Poly-L-lysine, double-stranded RNA complex with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid	NY-ESO-1 antigen protein	Advanced or recurrent esophageal cancer	Phase I	Combination of CHP-NY-ESO-1 with poly-ICLC induced superior antigen-specific T-cell responses compared to monotherapy.	[242]
Poly-L-lysine, double-stranded RNA complex with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid	NY-ESO-1 antigen protein + monomide	High-risk resected melanoma	Phase I/II	The CHP-NY-ESO-1 combination was well tolerated and effectively induced integrated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell responses.	[243]
Poly-L-lysine pullulan (CHP) nanoparticle	NY-ESO-1 antigen protein	Esophageal cancer	Phase I (NCT01003868)	Tumor immunogenicity of the CHP-NY-ESO-1 vaccine was confirmed, showing promising therapeutic potential.	[244]
Nanoparticle albumin	HER2 protein 1–146	HER2-expressing solid cancer	Phase I	HER2-specific CD8⁺ T-cell responses were successfully detected in patients.	[245]
Nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab)-paclitaxel + atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1 antibody)	-	Unresectable locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer	Phase III (NCT02425891)	Median progression-free survival was 7.5 months in PD-L1 positive patients treated with the nanoparticle-bound atezolizumab combination.	[246]
Poly (beta-amino ester) based nanomaterial	Plasmids encoding 19.4-1 BBZ CAR and a piggybac transposase	To be determined	Phase I (projected 2020–2021)	Efficient introduction of DNA plasmids leading to sustained disease remission with long-term therapeutic benefits.	[247]
IL-15 super-agonist complex	IL-15 super-agonist complex nanogel	Solid cancer and lymphomas	Phase I	The IL-15 super-agonist nanogel enabled high local cytokine concentrations while maintaining minimal systemic toxicity.	[248]

PD-L1: programmed death-ligand 1

Note. Adapted from “Nanomaterials in tumor immunotherapy: new strategies and challenges” by Zhu X, Li S. Mol Cancer. 2023;22:94 (https://molecular-cancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12943-023-01797-9). CC BY.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

SKP, NST, and LS gratefully acknowledge Centurion University of Technology and Management for their research fellowship.

Author contributions

SP: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. DVK: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SKP: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. NST: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. LS: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. HBS: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. FD: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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