Most frequently altered genes in BTCs
| Gene | Type of alteration | Frequency | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| IDH | Mutation | 6–36% | [13] |
| FGFR | Fusion | 8–14% | [13–15] |
| TP53 | Substitution/indel | 27–59% | [13, 14] |
| ARID1A | Mutation | 7–36% | [13] |
| KRAS | Substitution/indel | 12–42% | [13, 14] |
| SMAD4 | Mutation | 21–30% | [13] |
| CDKN2A | Deletion | 19% | [13] |
CDKN2A: cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; indel: insertion-deletion mutation
GA, VN, FP and EFG contributed conception and design of this review; GA, VN, FP wrote the first draft of the manuscript; GA and EFG revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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© The Author(s) 2022.