Table Info

Table 1.

Immunotherapeutic drugs in clinical development for head and neck cancer [196, 197]

Trial ID	Target	Intervention	Study type	Patient population
NCT04375384	EGFR inhibitor	Cetuximab	Phase II treatment, non-randomized, open-label clinical trial	HNSCC patients with R/M after the failure or intolerance of the immunotherapeutic drug
NCT04326257	LAG-3 CTLA4 PD-1	Nivolumab + Relatlimab Nivolumab + Ipilimumab	Phase II, open-label, parallel arms trial	R/M HNSCC patients with preceding failure of immunotherapy with anti-PD-1 or PD-L1, having a high expression of LAG-3 and CTLA4 genes
NCT04428151	RTK and VEGFR1 inhibitor PD-1	Lenvatinib (E7080/MK-7902) Pembrolizumab (MK-3475)	Phase II, randomized, open-label, three-arm clinical trial	R/M HNSCC patients with the progressed disease after platinum therapy and immunotherapy (PD-1/ PD-L1 inhibitors)
NCT03283605	PD-1 CTLA4	Durvalumab (MEDI4736) + Tremelimumab + stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT)	Phase II, open-label, single group	HNSCC metastatic patients following prior treatment failures
NCT04555837	Serine/threonine-protein kinase Aurora-A inhibitor PD-1	Alisertib Pembrolizumab	A Phase I-II, open-label study	Retinoblastoma (Rb)-deficient, HPV⁺ HNSCC patients.
NCT03022409	ATR inhibitor PARP inhibitor	Ceralasertib Olaparib	Phase I, randomized, open-label	Treatment naïve HNSCC patients
NCT04634825	B7-H3 PD-1 LAG-3	Enoblituzumab Enoblituzumab + Tebotelimab	Phase II, open-label, non-randomized	Patients with R/M HNSCC
NCT04193293	PI3K inhibitor PD-1	Duvelsib Pembrolizumab	Phase Ia/IIb multicentre, non-randomized, open-label study	Patients with R/M HNSCC
NCT03565783	PD-1	Cemiplimab	Phase II, open-label	Patients with stage III-IV R/M HNSCC before surgery
NCT03854032	PD-1 IDO1	Nivolumab BMS-986205	Phase 2 Randomized, open-label	Stage II-IV HNSCC patients
NCT04080804	PD-1 LAG-3 CTLA4	Nivolumab + Relatlimab Nivolumab + Ipilimumab	Phase II Neoadjuvant study, randomized, open-label	Locally advanced resectable HNSCC patients prior to surgical resection
NCT03795610	PI3Kγ inhibitor	IPI-549	Phase II, open-label	Locally advanced HPV⁺ and HPV^– HNSCC patients
NCT04144517	IL-2 PD-1	ALKS 4230 Pembrolizumab	Phase II, open-label	Patients with HNSCC prior treated with anti-PD-L1 therapy but not achieved a CR
NCT03336606	OX40 agonist	MEDI0562	Phase1, randomized, open-label	HNSCC patients prior to surgical resection
NCT04602013	PD-1	Sintilimab	Phase II, open-label, multicentre	Locally advanced OSCC patients
NCT03818061	PD-L1 VEGF	Atezolizumab Bevacizumab	Phase II, multi-center, non-randomized	Advanced stage patients with recurrence of HNSCC
NCT04393506	VEGFR2 inhibitor PD-1	Apatinib Camrelizumab	Phase I, open-label	Patients with locally advanced and resectable OSCC
CTRI/2020/ 11/028953	PD-1	Nivolumab	Phase I and II, randomized group	HNSCC patients under palliative systemic therapy

RTK: receptor tyrosine kinase; ATR: ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related; PARP: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; B7-H3: CD276; DART: dual-affinity re-targeting; ALKS 4230: nemvaleukin Alfa; CR: complete response

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We thank the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India for providing fellowship to SKS, Integrated Cancer Treatment and Research Centre (ICTRC), Pune, India for providing fellowship to JHG and Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), Government of India for providing fellowship to AV.

Author contributions

SVC conceptualized the content of the manuscript and helped in drafting the manuscript. SKS, JHG and AV contributed equally in drafting the manuscript. SKS, JHG and SVC reviewed and edited the final manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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